diff --git a/model/flex/bunny_shell.xml b/model/flex/bunny_shell.xml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..31a614af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/model/flex/bunny_shell.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/src/engine/engine_core_constraint.c b/src/engine/engine_core_constraint.c
index 52c7feae..aadbbc75 100644
--- a/src/engine/engine_core_constraint.c
+++ b/src/engine/engine_core_constraint.c
@@ -277,10 +277,18 @@ static int mj_vertBodyWeight(const mjModel* m, const mjData* d, int f, int* v,
mju_addToScl3(coord, m->flex_vert0 + 3*v[i], mju_abs(vweight[i]));
}
- int order = m->flex_interp[f];
- order = order < 0 ? -order : order;
+ int interp = m->flex_interp[f];
+ int order = interp < 0 ? -interp : interp;
int npc = (order+1)*(order+1)*(order+1); // number of nodes per cell
+ // grid dimensions for shell mode
+ int nx = 0, ny = 0, nz = 0;
+ if (interp < 0) {
+ nx = m->flex_cellnum[3*f+0] * order + 1;
+ ny = m->flex_cellnum[3*f+1] * order + 1;
+ nz = m->flex_cellnum[3*f+2] * order + 1;
+ }
+
// cell lookup: get local coords and node indices
mjtNum local[3];
int nodeindices[27]; // max npc for quadratic: 3^3 = 27
@@ -290,14 +298,46 @@ static int mj_vertBodyWeight(const mjModel* m, const mjData* d, int f, int* v,
int nstart = m->flex_nodeadr[f];
int nb = 0;
+ if (!m->flex_nodebodyid) {
+ return 0;
+ }
+
if (npc > 27) {
for (int j = 0; j < npc; j++) {
mjtNum w = mju_evalBasis(local, j, order);
if (w < 1e-5) {
continue;
}
- if (bweight) bweight[nb] = sign * w;
- body[nb++] = m->flex_nodebodyid[nstart + nodeindices[j]];
+
+ int idx = nodeindices[j];
+
+ // shell mode: map interior nodes to boundary
+ if (interp < 0) {
+ int k_idx = idx % nz;
+ int rest = idx / nz;
+ int j_idx = rest % ny;
+ int i_idx = rest / ny;
+
+ if (i_idx > 0 && i_idx < nx-1 && j_idx > 0 && j_idx < ny-1 && k_idx > 0 && k_idx < nz-1) {
+ mju_shellTFIWeights(nx, ny, nz, i_idx, j_idx, k_idx, sign * w, &nb, body, bweight, m->flex_nodebodyid, nstart);
+ continue;
+ }
+ }
+
+ // add node, check for duplicates (especially needed when combining with TFI)
+ int b = m->flex_nodebodyid[nstart + idx];
+ int found = 0;
+ for (int k = 0; k < nb; k++) {
+ if (body[k] == b) {
+ if (bweight) bweight[k] += sign * w;
+ found = 1;
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ if (!found) {
+ if (bweight) bweight[nb] = sign * w;
+ body[nb++] = b;
+ }
}
} else {
mjtNum basis[27];
@@ -308,11 +348,40 @@ static int mj_vertBodyWeight(const mjModel* m, const mjData* d, int f, int* v,
if (w < 1e-5) {
continue;
}
- if (bweight) bweight[nb] = sign * w;
- body[nb++] = m->flex_nodebodyid[nstart + nodeindices[j]];
+
+ int idx = nodeindices[j];
+
+ // shell mode: map interior nodes to boundary
+ if (interp < 0) {
+ int k_idx = idx % nz;
+ int rest = idx / nz;
+ int j_idx = rest % ny;
+ int i_idx = rest / ny;
+
+ if (i_idx > 0 && i_idx < nx-1 && j_idx > 0 && j_idx < ny-1 && k_idx > 0 && k_idx < nz-1) {
+ mju_shellTFIWeights(nx, ny, nz, i_idx, j_idx, k_idx, sign * w, &nb, body, bweight, m->flex_nodebodyid, nstart);
+ continue;
+ }
+ }
+
+ // add node, check for duplicates (especially needed when combining with TFI)
+ int b = m->flex_nodebodyid[nstart + idx];
+ int found = 0;
+ for (int k = 0; k < nb; k++) {
+ if (body[k] == b) {
+ if (bweight) bweight[k] += sign * w;
+ found = 1;
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ if (!found) {
+ if (bweight) bweight[nb] = sign * w;
+ body[nb++] = b;
+ }
}
}
+
return nb;
}
diff --git a/src/engine/engine_core_constraint.h b/src/engine/engine_core_constraint.h
index 484a30ec..da585555 100644
--- a/src/engine/engine_core_constraint.h
+++ b/src/engine/engine_core_constraint.h
@@ -66,10 +66,10 @@ void mj_instantiateEquality(const mjModel* m, mjData* d);
void mj_instantiateContact(const mjModel* m, mjData* d);
// compute Jacobian for contact, return number of DOFs affected
-int mj_contactJacobian(const mjModel* m, mjData* d, const mjContact* con, int dim,
- mjtNum* jac, mjtNum* jacdif, mjtNum* jacdifp,
- mjtNum* jacdifr, mjtNum* jac1p, mjtNum* jac2p,
- mjtNum* jac1r, mjtNum* jac2r, int* chain);
+MJAPI int mj_contactJacobian(const mjModel* m, mjData* d, const mjContact* con, int dim,
+ mjtNum* jac, mjtNum* jacdif, mjtNum* jacdifp,
+ mjtNum* jacdifr, mjtNum* jac1p, mjtNum* jac2p,
+ mjtNum* jac1r, mjtNum* jac2r, int* chain);
//------------------------ parameter computation/extraction ----------------------------------------
diff --git a/src/engine/engine_core_smooth.c b/src/engine/engine_core_smooth.c
index 164a6527..d0baa655 100644
--- a/src/engine/engine_core_smooth.c
+++ b/src/engine/engine_core_smooth.c
@@ -607,6 +607,11 @@ void mj_flex(const mjModel* m, mjData* d) {
mjERROR("flex_interp_order mismatch");
}
+ // shell mode: reconstruct interior node positions from boundary via TFI
+ if (interp < 0) {
+ mju_shellTrackInterior(nodexpos, nx_g, ny_g, nz_g);
+ }
+
for (int i=vstart; i < vend; i++) {
mju_zero3(d->flexvert_xpos+3*i);
diff --git a/src/engine/engine_core_util.c b/src/engine/engine_core_util.c
index 52c5d46f..7cedb477 100644
--- a/src/engine/engine_core_util.c
+++ b/src/engine/engine_core_util.c
@@ -1020,6 +1020,23 @@ void mju_flexGatherState(const mjModel* m, const mjData* d, int f, mjtNum* xpos,
mju_addTo3(vel + 3*i, cross);
}
}
+
+ // shell mode: reconstruct interior node positions and velocities via TFI
+ int interp = m->flex_interp[f];
+ if (interp < 0) {
+ int order = -interp;
+ int cx = m->flex_cellnum[3*f+0];
+ int cy = m->flex_cellnum[3*f+1];
+ int cz = m->flex_cellnum[3*f+2];
+ int nx_g = cx * order + 1;
+ int ny_g = cy * order + 1;
+ int nz_g = cz * order + 1;
+
+ mju_shellTrackInterior(xpos, nx_g, ny_g, nz_g);
+ if (vel) {
+ mju_shellTrackInterior(vel, nx_g, ny_g, nz_g);
+ }
+ }
}
diff --git a/src/engine/engine_util_misc.c b/src/engine/engine_util_misc.c
index 65b0d6c2..4a4e1f9a 100644
--- a/src/engine/engine_util_misc.c
+++ b/src/engine/engine_util_misc.c
@@ -898,6 +898,151 @@ void mju_flexFaceNormal2D(mjtNum normal[3], mjtNum t1[3], mjtNum t2[3],
}
+// helper: get nodexpos value for node (i,j,k) in an nx*ny*nz grid
+static inline const mjtNum* nodeAt(const mjtNum* nodexpos, int ny, int nz, int i, int j, int k) {
+ return nodexpos + 3*(i*ny*nz + j*nz + k);
+}
+
+// reconstruct interior node positions from boundary nodes via Transfinite Interpolation
+void mju_shellTrackInterior(mjtNum* nodexpos, int nx, int ny, int nz) {
+ // need at least 3 nodes in each direction to have interior nodes
+ if (nx < 3 || ny < 3 || nz < 3) {
+ return;
+ }
+
+ for (int i = 1; i < nx-1; i++) {
+ for (int j = 1; j < ny-1; j++) {
+ for (int k = 1; k < nz-1; k++) {
+ // parametric coordinates in [0, 1]
+ mjtNum s = (mjtNum)i / (nx-1);
+ mjtNum t = (mjtNum)j / (ny-1);
+ mjtNum u = (mjtNum)k / (nz-1);
+
+ mjtNum result[3] = {0, 0, 0};
+
+ // --- face contributions (bilinear interpolation on each face pair) ---
+ // x-faces: i=0 and i=nx-1
+ for (int d = 0; d < 3; d++) {
+ result[d] += (1-s) * nodeAt(nodexpos, ny, nz, 0, j, k)[d]
+ + s * nodeAt(nodexpos, ny, nz, nx-1, j, k)[d];
+ }
+ // y-faces: j=0 and j=ny-1
+ for (int d = 0; d < 3; d++) {
+ result[d] += (1-t) * nodeAt(nodexpos, ny, nz, i, 0, k)[d]
+ + t * nodeAt(nodexpos, ny, nz, i, ny-1, k)[d];
+ }
+ // z-faces: k=0 and k=nz-1
+ for (int d = 0; d < 3; d++) {
+ result[d] += (1-u) * nodeAt(nodexpos, ny, nz, i, j, 0)[d]
+ + u * nodeAt(nodexpos, ny, nz, i, j, nz-1)[d];
+ }
+
+ // --- edge corrections (subtract 12 edges, each linearly interpolated) ---
+ // edges along x (4 edges: (j,k) at corners of y-z face)
+ for (int d = 0; d < 3; d++) {
+ result[d] -= (1-t)*(1-u) * nodeAt(nodexpos, ny, nz, i, 0, 0)[d];
+ result[d] -= (1-t)* u * nodeAt(nodexpos, ny, nz, i, 0, nz-1)[d];
+ result[d] -= t *(1-u) * nodeAt(nodexpos, ny, nz, i, ny-1, 0)[d];
+ result[d] -= t * u * nodeAt(nodexpos, ny, nz, i, ny-1, nz-1)[d];
+ }
+ // edges along y (4 edges: (i,k) at corners of x-z face)
+ for (int d = 0; d < 3; d++) {
+ result[d] -= (1-s)*(1-u) * nodeAt(nodexpos, ny, nz, 0, j, 0)[d];
+ result[d] -= (1-s)* u * nodeAt(nodexpos, ny, nz, 0, j, nz-1)[d];
+ result[d] -= s *(1-u) * nodeAt(nodexpos, ny, nz, nx-1, j, 0)[d];
+ result[d] -= s * u * nodeAt(nodexpos, ny, nz, nx-1, j, nz-1)[d];
+ }
+ // edges along z (4 edges: (i,j) at corners of x-y face)
+ for (int d = 0; d < 3; d++) {
+ result[d] -= (1-s)*(1-t) * nodeAt(nodexpos, ny, nz, 0, 0, k)[d];
+ result[d] -= (1-s)* t * nodeAt(nodexpos, ny, nz, 0, ny-1, k)[d];
+ result[d] -= s *(1-t) * nodeAt(nodexpos, ny, nz, nx-1, 0, k)[d];
+ result[d] -= s * t * nodeAt(nodexpos, ny, nz, nx-1, ny-1, k)[d];
+ }
+
+ // --- corner corrections (add 8 corners back) ---
+ for (int d = 0; d < 3; d++) {
+ result[d] += (1-s)*(1-t)*(1-u) * nodeAt(nodexpos, ny, nz, 0, 0, 0)[d];
+ result[d] += (1-s)*(1-t)* u * nodeAt(nodexpos, ny, nz, 0, 0, nz-1)[d];
+ result[d] += (1-s)* t *(1-u) * nodeAt(nodexpos, ny, nz, 0, ny-1, 0)[d];
+ result[d] += (1-s)* t * u * nodeAt(nodexpos, ny, nz, 0, ny-1, nz-1)[d];
+ result[d] += s *(1-t)*(1-u) * nodeAt(nodexpos, ny, nz, nx-1, 0, 0)[d];
+ result[d] += s *(1-t)* u * nodeAt(nodexpos, ny, nz, nx-1, 0, nz-1)[d];
+ result[d] += s * t *(1-u) * nodeAt(nodexpos, ny, nz, nx-1, ny-1, 0)[d];
+ result[d] += s * t * u * nodeAt(nodexpos, ny, nz, nx-1, ny-1, nz-1)[d];
+ }
+
+ // write result to interior node
+ mju_copy3(nodexpos + 3*(i*ny*nz + j*nz + k), result);
+ }
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+
+// helper to accumulate weights in a sparse list
+static void addWeight(int* nb, int* body, mjtNum* bweight, int b, mjtNum w) {
+ for (int i = 0; i < *nb; i++) {
+ if (body[i] == b) {
+ if (bweight) {
+ bweight[i] += w;
+ }
+ return;
+ }
+ }
+ body[*nb] = b;
+ if (bweight) {
+ bweight[*nb] = w;
+ }
+ (*nb)++;
+}
+
+// compute TFI weights for an interior node (i,j,k) and distribute to boundary nodes
+void mju_shellTFIWeights(int nx, int ny, int nz, int i, int j, int k,
+ mjtNum w, int* nb, int* body, mjtNum* bweight,
+ const int* nodebodyid, int nstart) {
+ mjtNum s = (mjtNum)i / (nx-1);
+ mjtNum t = (mjtNum)j / (ny-1);
+ mjtNum u = (mjtNum)k / (nz-1);
+
+ // face contributions
+ addWeight(nb, body, bweight, nodebodyid[nstart + 0*ny*nz + j*nz + k], w * (1-s));
+ addWeight(nb, body, bweight, nodebodyid[nstart + (nx-1)*ny*nz + j*nz + k], w * s);
+
+ addWeight(nb, body, bweight, nodebodyid[nstart + i*ny*nz + 0*nz + k], w * (1-t));
+ addWeight(nb, body, bweight, nodebodyid[nstart + i*ny*nz + (ny-1)*nz + k], w * t);
+
+ addWeight(nb, body, bweight, nodebodyid[nstart + i*ny*nz + j*nz + 0], w * (1-u));
+ addWeight(nb, body, bweight, nodebodyid[nstart + i*ny*nz + j*nz + (nz-1)], w * u);
+
+ // edge corrections
+ addWeight(nb, body, bweight, nodebodyid[nstart + i*ny*nz + 0*nz + 0], -w * (1-t)*(1-u));
+ addWeight(nb, body, bweight, nodebodyid[nstart + i*ny*nz + 0*nz + (nz-1)], -w * (1-t)*u);
+ addWeight(nb, body, bweight, nodebodyid[nstart + i*ny*nz + (ny-1)*nz + 0], -w * t*(1-u));
+ addWeight(nb, body, bweight, nodebodyid[nstart + i*ny*nz + (ny-1)*nz + (nz-1)], -w * t*u);
+
+ addWeight(nb, body, bweight, nodebodyid[nstart + 0*ny*nz + j*nz + 0], -w * (1-s)*(1-u));
+ addWeight(nb, body, bweight, nodebodyid[nstart + 0*ny*nz + j*nz + (nz-1)], -w * (1-s)*u);
+ addWeight(nb, body, bweight, nodebodyid[nstart + (nx-1)*ny*nz + j*nz + 0], -w * s*(1-u));
+ addWeight(nb, body, bweight, nodebodyid[nstart + (nx-1)*ny*nz + j*nz + (nz-1)], -w * s*u);
+
+ addWeight(nb, body, bweight, nodebodyid[nstart + 0*ny*nz + 0*nz + k], -w * (1-s)*(1-t));
+ addWeight(nb, body, bweight, nodebodyid[nstart + 0*ny*nz + (ny-1)*nz + k], -w * (1-s)*t);
+ addWeight(nb, body, bweight, nodebodyid[nstart + (nx-1)*ny*nz + 0*nz + k], -w * s*(1-t));
+ addWeight(nb, body, bweight, nodebodyid[nstart + (nx-1)*ny*nz + (ny-1)*nz + k], -w * s*t);
+
+ // corner corrections
+ addWeight(nb, body, bweight, nodebodyid[nstart + 0*ny*nz + 0*nz + 0], w * (1-s)*(1-t)*(1-u));
+ addWeight(nb, body, bweight, nodebodyid[nstart + 0*ny*nz + 0*nz + (nz-1)], w * (1-s)*(1-t)*u);
+ addWeight(nb, body, bweight, nodebodyid[nstart + 0*ny*nz + (ny-1)*nz + 0], w * (1-s)*t*(1-u));
+ addWeight(nb, body, bweight, nodebodyid[nstart + 0*ny*nz + (ny-1)*nz + (nz-1)], w * (1-s)*t*u);
+ addWeight(nb, body, bweight, nodebodyid[nstart + (nx-1)*ny*nz + 0*nz + 0], w * s*(1-t)*(1-u));
+ addWeight(nb, body, bweight, nodebodyid[nstart + (nx-1)*ny*nz + 0*nz + (nz-1)], w * s*(1-t)*u);
+ addWeight(nb, body, bweight, nodebodyid[nstart + (nx-1)*ny*nz + (ny-1)*nz + 0], w * s*t*(1-u));
+ addWeight(nb, body, bweight, nodebodyid[nstart + (nx-1)*ny*nz + (ny-1)*nz + (nz-1)], w * s*t*u);
+}
+
+
//------------------------------ actuator models ---------------------------------------------------
// normalized muscle length-gain curve
diff --git a/src/engine/engine_util_misc.h b/src/engine/engine_util_misc.h
index 42aa3704..8617b922 100644
--- a/src/engine/engine_util_misc.h
+++ b/src/engine/engine_util_misc.h
@@ -147,6 +147,14 @@ static inline mjtNum mju_flexDphi(mjtNum s, int i, int order) {
default: return 0;
}
}
+// reconstruct interior node positions from boundary nodes via Transfinite Interpolation
+MJAPI void mju_shellTrackInterior(mjtNum* nodexpos, int nx, int ny, int nz);
+
+// compute TFI weights for an interior node (i,j,k) and distribute to boundary nodes
+MJAPI void mju_shellTFIWeights(int nx, int ny, int nz, int i, int j, int k,
+ mjtNum w, int* nb, int* body, mjtNum* bweight,
+ const int* nodebodyid, int nstart);
+
// ----------------------------- Base64 ------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/src/engine/engine_vis_interact.c b/src/engine/engine_vis_interact.c
index 60533e27..300db93e 100644
--- a/src/engine/engine_vis_interact.c
+++ b/src/engine/engine_vis_interact.c
@@ -873,14 +873,21 @@ int mjv_select(const mjModel* m, const mjData* d, const mjvOption* vopt,
mju_cellLookup(coord, m->flex_cellnum+3*i, order, loc, nodeindices);
// find node with largest weight in this cell
+ // in shell mode, skip interior nodes (pinned to worldbody)
int nodeid = -1;
int nstart = m->flex_nodeadr[i];
mjtNum w = 0;
+ int shell_mode = m->flex_interp[i] < 0;
for (int j = 0; j < npc; j++) {
mjtNum ww = mju_evalBasis(loc, j, order);
+ int nid = nodeindices[j];
+ // skip interior nodes in shell mode (they map to worldbody)
+ if (shell_mode && m->body_dofnum[m->flex_nodebodyid[nstart + nid]] == 0) {
+ continue;
+ }
if (ww > w) {
w = ww;
- nodeid = nodeindices[j];
+ nodeid = nid;
}
}
flexbodyid = m->flex_nodebodyid[nstart + nodeid];
diff --git a/src/engine/engine_vis_visualize.c b/src/engine/engine_vis_visualize.c
index 28ccb448..2bad628a 100644
--- a/src/engine/engine_vis_visualize.c
+++ b/src/engine/engine_vis_visualize.c
@@ -1496,6 +1496,8 @@ static void addFlexBvhGeoms(const mjModel* m, mjData* d, const mjvOption* vopt,
int NY = cy * order + 1;
int NZ = cz * order + 1;
+ int shell_mode = m->flex_interp[f] < 0;
+
for (int i=0; i < NX; i++) {
for (int j=0; j < NY; j++) {
for (int k=0; k < NZ; k++) {
@@ -1506,36 +1508,58 @@ static void addFlexBvhGeoms(const mjModel* m, mjData* d, const mjvOption* vopt,
continue;
}
+ // shell mode: skip interior nodes entirely
+ int is_boundary = (i == 0 || i == NX-1 ||
+ j == 0 || j == NY-1 ||
+ k == 0 || k == NZ-1);
+ if (shell_mode && !is_boundary) {
+ continue;
+ }
+
int offset = 3*n0;
int offset1 = 3*((i+1)*NY*NZ + j*NZ + k);
int offset2 = 3*(i*NY*NZ + (j+1)*NZ + k);
int offset3 = 3*(i*NY*NZ + j*NZ + (k+1));
- if (i < NX-1 && m->body_jntnum[bodyid[(i+1)*NY*NZ + j*NZ + k]] > 0) {
- mjvGeom* thisgeom = acquireGeom(scn, i, mjCAT_DECOR, mjOBJ_UNKNOWN);
- if (!thisgeom) {
- return;
- }
- mjv_connector(thisgeom, mjGEOM_LINE, 3, xpos+offset, xpos+offset1);
- releaseGeom(&thisgeom, scn);
+ // edge along i: draw if neighbor is also on boundary (shell) or has joints
+ if (i < NX-1 && m->body_jntnum[bodyid[(i+1)*NY*NZ + j*NZ + k]] > 0) {
+ int nb_boundary = ((i+1) == 0 || (i+1) == NX-1 ||
+ j == 0 || j == NY-1 ||
+ k == 0 || k == NZ-1);
+ if (!shell_mode || nb_boundary) {
+ mjvGeom* thisgeom = acquireGeom(scn, i, mjCAT_DECOR, mjOBJ_UNKNOWN);
+ if (!thisgeom) {
+ return;
+ }
+ mjv_connector(thisgeom, mjGEOM_LINE, 3, xpos+offset, xpos+offset1);
+ releaseGeom(&thisgeom, scn);
+ }
}
if (j < NY-1 && m->body_jntnum[bodyid[i*NY*NZ + (j+1)*NZ + k]] > 0) {
- mjvGeom* thisgeom = acquireGeom(scn, i, mjCAT_DECOR, mjOBJ_UNKNOWN);
- if (!thisgeom) {
- return;
+ int nb_boundary = (i == 0 || i == NX-1 ||
+ (j+1) == 0 || (j+1) == NY-1 ||
+ k == 0 || k == NZ-1);
+ if (!shell_mode || nb_boundary) {
+ mjvGeom* thisgeom = acquireGeom(scn, i, mjCAT_DECOR, mjOBJ_UNKNOWN);
+ if (!thisgeom) {
+ return;
+ }
+ mjv_connector(thisgeom, mjGEOM_LINE, 3, xpos+offset, xpos+offset2);
+ releaseGeom(&thisgeom, scn);
}
-
- mjv_connector(thisgeom, mjGEOM_LINE, 3, xpos+offset, xpos+offset2);
- releaseGeom(&thisgeom, scn);
}
if (k < NZ-1 && m->body_jntnum[bodyid[i*NY*NZ + j*NZ + (k+1)]] > 0) {
- mjvGeom* thisgeom = acquireGeom(scn, i, mjCAT_DECOR, mjOBJ_UNKNOWN);
- if (!thisgeom) {
- return;
+ int nb_boundary = (i == 0 || i == NX-1 ||
+ j == 0 || j == NY-1 ||
+ (k+1) == 0 || (k+1) == NZ-1);
+ if (!shell_mode || nb_boundary) {
+ mjvGeom* thisgeom = acquireGeom(scn, i, mjCAT_DECOR, mjOBJ_UNKNOWN);
+ if (!thisgeom) {
+ return;
+ }
+ mjv_connector(thisgeom, mjGEOM_LINE, 3, xpos+offset, xpos+offset3);
+ releaseGeom(&thisgeom, scn);
}
-
- mjv_connector(thisgeom, mjGEOM_LINE, 3, xpos+offset, xpos+offset3);
- releaseGeom(&thisgeom, scn);
}
}
}
diff --git a/src/user/user_flexcomp.cc b/src/user/user_flexcomp.cc
index f85aa413..4a62d6d3 100644
--- a/src/user/user_flexcomp.cc
+++ b/src/user/user_flexcomp.cc
@@ -644,8 +644,26 @@ bool mjCFlexcomp::Make(mjsBody* body, char* error, int error_sz, const mjVFS* vf
int nz = flex->spec.cellcount[2] * flex->spec.order + 1;
int nnode = nx * ny * nz;
- // mark empty cells and pin nodes exclusively in empty cells
- MarkEmptyCells(flex, point.data(), npnt, minmax, nx, ny, nz);
+ // mark empty cells and pin nodes exclusively in empty cells (volume mode only)
+ if (!dflex->elastic2d) {
+ MarkEmptyCells(flex, point.data(), npnt, minmax, nx, ny, nz);
+ }
+
+ // shell mode: pin all interior (non-boundary) nodes
+ if (dflex->elastic2d) {
+ for (int gi = 0; gi < nx; gi++) {
+ for (int gj = 0; gj < ny; gj++) {
+ for (int gk = 0; gk < nz; gk++) {
+ bool is_boundary = (gi == 0 || gi == nx-1 ||
+ gj == 0 || gj == ny-1 ||
+ gk == 0 || gk == nz-1);
+ if (!is_boundary) {
+ pinned[gi*ny*nz + gj*nz + gk] = true;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
// if MarkEmptyCells pinned any nodes, force centered=false
// so that pf->node (local positions) is saved to the model
diff --git a/src/user/user_mesh.cc b/src/user/user_mesh.cc
index 17c4c9b6..b1a1e7c3 100644
--- a/src/user/user_mesh.cc
+++ b/src/user/user_mesh.cc
@@ -4698,11 +4698,7 @@ void mjCFlex::Compile(const mjVFS* vfs) {
if (spec.cellcount[0] == 0 || spec.cellcount[1] == 0 || spec.cellcount[2] == 0) {
throw mjCError(this, "cellcount cannot be 0 in any dimension when interpolation order > 0");
}
- if (elastic2d && !(spec.cellcount[0] == 1 || spec.cellcount[1] == 1 || spec.cellcount[2] == 1)) {
- throw mjCError(this,
- "shell trilinear flex requires at least one dimension "
- "with cell count equal to one (no interior nodes)");
- }
+
int expected_nodes = (spec.cellcount[0] * spec.order + 1) *
(spec.cellcount[1] * spec.order + 1) *
(spec.cellcount[2] * spec.order + 1);
@@ -4944,9 +4940,9 @@ void mjCFlex::Compile(const mjVFS* vfs) {
// create shell fragments and element-vertex collision pairs
CreateShellPair();
- // recompute cell_empty from vertex/element geometry
+ // recompute cell_empty from vertex/element geometry (volume mode only)
// (survives XML round-trips where flexcomp data is lost)
- if (interpolated && cell_empty.empty()) {
+ if (interpolated && !elastic2d && cell_empty.empty()) {
int cx = spec.cellcount[0], cy = spec.cellcount[1], cz = spec.cellcount[2];
if (cx * cy * cz > 1) {
ComputeCellEmpty(vertxpos.data(), elem_.data(), nvert, nelem, dim);
diff --git a/test/engine/engine_core_constraint_test.cc b/test/engine/engine_core_constraint_test.cc
index 5cd69696..0541bd06 100644
--- a/test/engine/engine_core_constraint_test.cc
+++ b/test/engine/engine_core_constraint_test.cc
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
// Tests for engine/engine_core_constraint.c.
#include
+#include
#include
#include
@@ -1091,5 +1092,103 @@ INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
}
);
+TEST_F(CoreConstraintTest, ShellModeContactJacobian) {
+ constexpr char xml[] = R"(
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ )";
+ char error[1024];
+ mjModel* model = LoadModelFromString(xml, error, sizeof(error));
+ ASSERT_THAT(model, testing::NotNull()) << error;
+ mjData* data = mj_makeData(model);
+
+ mj_forward(model, data);
+
+ // find central vertex index (13 for 3x3x3 grid)
+ int central_idx = 13;
+
+ // verify it is interior
+ int nx = 3, ny = 3, nz = 3;
+ int k = central_idx / (nx * ny);
+ int rest = central_idx % (nx * ny);
+ int j = rest / nx;
+ int i = rest % nx;
+ ASSERT_TRUE(i > 0 && i < nx-1 && j > 0 && j < ny-1 && k > 0 && k < nz-1);
+
+ // create manual contact with central vertex
+ mjContact con;
+ memset(&con, 0, sizeof(mjContact));
+ con.flex[0] = -1;
+ con.flex[1] = -1;
+ con.vert[0] = -1;
+ con.vert[1] = -1;
+ con.geom[0] = model->ngeom - 1; // plane geom
+ con.geom[1] = -1; // must be -1 to trigger flex branch in mj_contactJacobian
+ con.flex[1] = 0;
+ con.vert[1] = central_idx;
+ con.dim = 1;
+ mju_copy3(con.pos, data->flexvert_xpos + 3*central_idx);
+ con.frame[0] = 0; con.frame[1] = 0; con.frame[2] = 1; // normal
+
+ // buffer for Jacobian
+ std::vector jacdif(3*model->nv, 0.0);
+
+ // call mj_contactJacobian
+ mj_contactJacobian(model, data, &con, 1, nullptr, jacdif.data(),
+ nullptr, nullptr, nullptr,
+ nullptr, nullptr, nullptr,
+ nullptr);
+
+ // check that boundary nodes have non-zero entries, and central node has zero
+
+
+ bool boundary_has_dof = false;
+ bool interior_has_dof = false;
+
+ for (int n = 0; n < model->flex_nodenum[0]; n++) {
+ int b = model->flex_nodebodyid[model->flex_nodeadr[0] + n];
+ int dofadr = model->body_dofadr[b];
+ int dofnum = model->body_dofnum[b];
+
+ bool has_jac = false;
+ if (dofadr >= 0) {
+ for (int d = 0; d < dofnum; d++) {
+ if (mju_abs(jacdif[dofadr + d]) > 1e-6) {
+ has_jac = true;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ int kn = n / (nx * ny);
+ int restn = n % (nx * ny);
+ int jn = restn / nx;
+ int in = restn % nx;
+ bool is_interior = (in > 0 && in < nx - 1 && jn > 0 && jn < ny - 1 &&
+ kn > 0 && kn < nz - 1);
+
+ if (is_interior) {
+ if (has_jac) interior_has_dof = true;
+ } else {
+ if (has_jac) boundary_has_dof = true;
+ }
+ }
+
+ EXPECT_TRUE(boundary_has_dof)
+ << "Boundary nodes should receive contact force";
+ EXPECT_FALSE(interior_has_dof)
+ << "Interior nodes should not receive contact force";
+
+ mj_deleteData(data);
+ mj_deleteModel(model);
+}
+
} // namespace
} // namespace mujoco
diff --git a/test/engine/engine_core_util_test.cc b/test/engine/engine_core_util_test.cc
index 9bd56f7e..d3fd2df7 100644
--- a/test/engine/engine_core_util_test.cc
+++ b/test/engine/engine_core_util_test.cc
@@ -88,6 +88,55 @@ TEST_F(FlexGatherStateTest, mju_flexGatherState_Grid) {
mj_deleteModel(model);
}
+TEST_F(FlexGatherStateTest, mju_flexGatherState_ShellMode) {
+ static constexpr char xml[] = R"(
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ )";
+
+ char error[1024];
+ mjModel* model = LoadModelFromString(xml, error, sizeof(error));
+ ASSERT_THAT(model, NotNull()) << error;
+
+ ASSERT_EQ(model->nflex, 1);
+ int f = 0;
+ model->flex_interp[f] = -1;
+
+ mjData* data = mj_makeData(model);
+ mj_forward(model, data);
+
+ int nodenum = model->flex_nodenum[f];
+ int nstart = model->flex_nodeadr[f];
+
+ // Move boundary nodes, keep interior node stuck (it is pinned)
+ mjtNum shift[3] = {0.1, 0.2, 0.3};
+ for (int i = 0; i < nodenum; i++) {
+ if (i == 13) continue; // Skip center node
+ int b = model->flex_nodebodyid[nstart + i];
+ data->xpos[3*b + 0] += shift[0];
+ data->xpos[3*b + 1] += shift[1];
+ data->xpos[3*b + 2] += shift[2];
+ }
+
+ std::vector xpos(3 * nodenum);
+ mju_flexGatherState(model, data, f, xpos.data(), NULL);
+
+ // Verify that gathered xpos for center node (13) is the TFI reconstructed position
+ EXPECT_NEAR(xpos[3*13 + 0], shift[0], 1e-5);
+ EXPECT_NEAR(xpos[3*13 + 1], shift[1], 1e-5);
+ EXPECT_NEAR(xpos[3*13 + 2], shift[2], 1e-5);
+
+ mj_deleteData(data);
+ mj_deleteModel(model);
+}
+
using AngMomMatTest = MujocoTest;
diff --git a/test/engine/engine_util_misc_test.cc b/test/engine/engine_util_misc_test.cc
index 57f36d79..8e1d742b 100644
--- a/test/engine/engine_util_misc_test.cc
+++ b/test/engine/engine_util_misc_test.cc
@@ -1550,5 +1550,167 @@ TEST_F(FaceStateTest, RotationConsistencyWith3D) {
}
}
+// ------------------------------ Shell TFI Interpolation ----------------------
+
+using ShellTFITest = MujocoTest;
+
+// helper: set up a regular nx*ny*nz grid with positions at grid indices
+static void MakeRegularGrid(mjtNum* nodexpos, int nx, int ny, int nz) {
+ for (int i = 0; i < nx; i++) {
+ for (int j = 0; j < ny; j++) {
+ for (int k = 0; k < nz; k++) {
+ int idx = i*ny*nz + j*nz + k;
+ nodexpos[3*idx+0] = (mjtNum)i;
+ nodexpos[3*idx+1] = (mjtNum)j;
+ nodexpos[3*idx+2] = (mjtNum)k;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+TEST_F(ShellTFITest, IdentityGrid) {
+ // 3x3x3 grid: 1 interior node at (1,1,1)
+ constexpr int nx = 3, ny = 3, nz = 3;
+ mjtNum nodexpos[3*nx*ny*nz];
+ MakeRegularGrid(nodexpos, nx, ny, nz);
+
+ // save expected interior position
+ mjtNum expected[3] = {1.0, 1.0, 1.0};
+
+ // run TFI
+ mju_shellTrackInterior(nodexpos, nx, ny, nz);
+
+ // interior node at (1,1,1) should match
+ int idx = 1*ny*nz + 1*nz + 1;
+ EXPECT_NEAR(nodexpos[3*idx+0], expected[0], MjTol(1e-12, 1e-5));
+ EXPECT_NEAR(nodexpos[3*idx+1], expected[1], MjTol(1e-12, 1e-5));
+ EXPECT_NEAR(nodexpos[3*idx+2], expected[2], MjTol(1e-12, 1e-5));
+}
+
+TEST_F(ShellTFITest, UniformScaling) {
+ // 3x3x3: scale all boundary nodes by 2x, interior should follow
+ constexpr int nx = 3, ny = 3, nz = 3;
+ mjtNum nodexpos[3*nx*ny*nz];
+ MakeRegularGrid(nodexpos, nx, ny, nz);
+
+ // scale all nodes
+ for (int i = 0; i < 3*nx*ny*nz; i++) {
+ nodexpos[i] *= 2.0;
+ }
+
+ // run TFI — interior should be reconstructed to 2*original
+ mju_shellTrackInterior(nodexpos, nx, ny, nz);
+
+ int idx = 1*ny*nz + 1*nz + 1;
+ EXPECT_NEAR(nodexpos[3*idx+0], 2.0, MjTol(1e-12, 1e-5));
+ EXPECT_NEAR(nodexpos[3*idx+1], 2.0, MjTol(1e-12, 1e-5));
+ EXPECT_NEAR(nodexpos[3*idx+2], 2.0, MjTol(1e-12, 1e-5));
+}
+
+TEST_F(ShellTFITest, AffineDeformation) {
+ // 4x4x4 grid with 8 interior nodes. Apply affine transform to boundary,
+ // then verify TFI reproduces the same affine transform on interior nodes.
+ constexpr int nx = 4, ny = 4, nz = 4;
+ mjtNum nodexpos[3*nx*ny*nz];
+ MakeRegularGrid(nodexpos, nx, ny, nz);
+
+ // affine: F(x,y,z) = A*[x,y,z]^T + b
+ // A = [[2, 0.5, 0], [0.3, 1.5, 0], [0, 0, 1]], b = [10, 20, 30]
+ auto affine = [](mjtNum x, mjtNum y, mjtNum z, mjtNum out[3]) {
+ out[0] = 2.0*x + 0.5*y + 10.0;
+ out[1] = 0.3*x + 1.5*y + 20.0;
+ out[2] = z + 30.0;
+ };
+
+ // apply affine to all nodes
+ for (int i = 0; i < nx; i++) {
+ for (int j = 0; j < ny; j++) {
+ for (int k = 0; k < nz; k++) {
+ int idx = i*ny*nz + j*nz + k;
+ affine((mjtNum)i, (mjtNum)j, (mjtNum)k, nodexpos + 3*idx);
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ // corrupt interior nodes to verify TFI actually reconstructs them
+ for (int i = 1; i < nx-1; i++) {
+ for (int j = 1; j < ny-1; j++) {
+ for (int k = 1; k < nz-1; k++) {
+ int idx = i*ny*nz + j*nz + k;
+ nodexpos[3*idx+0] = -999;
+ nodexpos[3*idx+1] = -999;
+ nodexpos[3*idx+2] = -999;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ // run TFI
+ mju_shellTrackInterior(nodexpos, nx, ny, nz);
+
+ // check all interior nodes match affine
+ for (int i = 1; i < nx-1; i++) {
+ for (int j = 1; j < ny-1; j++) {
+ for (int k = 1; k < nz-1; k++) {
+ int idx = i*ny*nz + j*nz + k;
+ mjtNum expected[3];
+ affine((mjtNum)i, (mjtNum)j, (mjtNum)k, expected);
+ EXPECT_NEAR(nodexpos[3*idx+0], expected[0], MjTol(1e-12, 1e-4))
+ << "i=" << i << " j=" << j << " k=" << k;
+ EXPECT_NEAR(nodexpos[3*idx+1], expected[1], MjTol(1e-12, 1e-4))
+ << "i=" << i << " j=" << j << " k=" << k;
+ EXPECT_NEAR(nodexpos[3*idx+2], expected[2], MjTol(1e-12, 1e-4))
+ << "i=" << i << " j=" << j << " k=" << k;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+TEST_F(ShellTFITest, BoundaryUnmodified) {
+ // verify that boundary nodes are not modified by TFI
+ constexpr int nx = 4, ny = 4, nz = 4;
+ mjtNum nodexpos[3*nx*ny*nz];
+ MakeRegularGrid(nodexpos, nx, ny, nz);
+
+ // save boundary node values
+ mjtNum saved[3*nx*ny*nz];
+ mju_copy(saved, nodexpos, 3*nx*ny*nz);
+
+ mju_shellTrackInterior(nodexpos, nx, ny, nz);
+
+ // check all boundary nodes unchanged
+ for (int i = 0; i < nx; i++) {
+ for (int j = 0; j < ny; j++) {
+ for (int k = 0; k < nz; k++) {
+ bool is_boundary = (i == 0 || i == nx-1 ||
+ j == 0 || j == ny-1 ||
+ k == 0 || k == nz-1);
+ if (is_boundary) {
+ int idx = i*ny*nz + j*nz + k;
+ EXPECT_EQ(nodexpos[3*idx+0], saved[3*idx+0]);
+ EXPECT_EQ(nodexpos[3*idx+1], saved[3*idx+1]);
+ EXPECT_EQ(nodexpos[3*idx+2], saved[3*idx+2]);
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+TEST_F(ShellTFITest, NoInteriorSmallGrid) {
+ // 2x2x2 and 2x3x2: no interior nodes, TFI should be a no-op
+ constexpr int nx = 2, ny = 3, nz = 2;
+ mjtNum nodexpos[3*nx*ny*nz];
+ MakeRegularGrid(nodexpos, nx, ny, nz);
+
+ mjtNum saved[3*nx*ny*nz];
+ mju_copy(saved, nodexpos, 3*nx*ny*nz);
+
+ mju_shellTrackInterior(nodexpos, nx, ny, nz);
+
+ // all nodes unchanged
+ for (int i = 0; i < 3*nx*ny*nz; i++) {
+ EXPECT_EQ(nodexpos[i], saved[i]);
+ }
+}
+
} // namespace
} // namespace mujoco