diff --git a/wasm/web_platform/README.md b/wasm/web_platform/README.md
index 077f3fc4..d6b61ac9 100644
--- a/wasm/web_platform/README.md
+++ b/wasm/web_platform/README.md
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 - 导入单个/多个 MJCF(XML)、URDF 和关联资源
 - 兼容常见 ROS URDF：规范化重复 material、解析 `package://` 工程内资源路径
+- URDF 导入时可选为 hinge/slide 关节生成 motor 驱动器，并可用 kp/kv 调整对应 MJCF 关节刚度与阻尼，并将可调位置/朝向的摄像头固连到指定机器人 Body
 - 导入保留相对路径的文件夹或 ZIP 工程
 - 多模型入口选择、中文加载和编译错误
 - Three.js primitive、mesh、材质/贴图显示与对象选择
diff --git a/wasm/web_platform/e2e/app.spec.ts b/wasm/web_platform/e2e/app.spec.ts
index 81245f9a..49bc1ab4 100644
--- a/wasm/web_platform/e2e/app.spec.ts
+++ b/wasm/web_platform/e2e/app.spec.ts
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ test('显示中文平台骨架并加载单文件模型', async ({page}) => {
   await page.keyboard.press('Escape');
   await page.getByRole('tab',{name:'控制'}).click();
   await page.getByRole('button',{name:'Actuator'}).click();
-  await expect(page.getByText('motor')).toBeVisible();
+  await expect(page.getByText('motor',{exact:true})).toBeVisible();
   await expect(page.getByRole('tabpanel',{name:'控制'}).getByText('slide',{exact:true})).toBeVisible();
   await page.getByRole('tab',{name:'模型结构'}).click();
   const structure=page.getByRole('navigation',{name:'模型结构树'});await expect(structure).toBeVisible();await structure.getByRole('treeitem',{name:/hinge/}).hover();
@@ -137,6 +137,10 @@ test('加载引用 OBJ 的 URDF 工程', async ({page}) => {
     fixture('urdf_mesh/robot.urdf'),
     fixture('urdf_mesh/triangle.obj'),
   ]);
+  const options=page.getByRole('dialog',{name:'配置 URDF 仿真组件'});
+  await expect(options.getByRole('checkbox',{name:/为关节添加驱动器/})).toBeChecked();
+  await expect(options.getByRole('checkbox',{name:/添加传感器/})).toBeChecked();
+  await options.getByRole('button',{name:'转换并加载'}).click();
   await expect(page.getByText('WASM 已加载')).toBeVisible({timeout: 30_000});
   await expect(page.getByText('2 个文件')).toBeVisible();
   await page.getByRole('button',{name:'URDF 处理方式'}).click();
@@ -155,9 +159,24 @@ test('加载引用 OBJ 的 URDF 工程', async ({page}) => {
   await expect(page.getByText('WASM 已加载')).toBeVisible();await sourceDialog.getByRole('button',{name:'关闭源代码编辑器'}).click();
 });
 
+test('URDF 自动生成的关节驱动器与摄像头可通过 MuJoCo 编译',async({page})=>{
+  const urdf=`<robot name="jointed"><link name="base"><inertial><mass value="1"/><origin xyz="0 0 0"/><inertia ixx=".1" iyy=".1" izz=".1" ixy="0" ixz="0" iyz="0"/></inertial><visual><geometry><box size=".4 .4 .2"/></geometry></visual></link><link name="arm"><inertial><mass value=".2"/><origin xyz="0 0 .25"/><inertia ixx=".01" iyy=".01" izz=".01" ixy="0" ixz="0" iyz="0"/></inertial><visual><origin xyz="0 0 .25"/><geometry><box size=".1 .1 .5"/></geometry></visual></link><joint name="shoulder" type="revolute"><parent link="base"/><child link="arm"/><origin xyz="0 0 .1"/><axis xyz="0 1 0"/><limit lower="-1" upper="1" effort="10" velocity="2"/></joint></robot>`;
+  await page.goto('/');await page.locator('input[type="file"]').first().setInputFiles({name:'jointed.urdf',mimeType:'application/xml',buffer:Buffer.from(urdf)});
+  await page.getByRole('dialog',{name:'配置 URDF 仿真组件'}).getByRole('button',{name:'转换并加载'}).click();
+  await expect(page.getByText('WASM 已加载')).toBeVisible({timeout:30_000});
+  await expect(page.getByLabel('摄像头画面')).toBeVisible();await page.getByRole('button',{name:'隐藏画面'}).click();await page.getByRole('button',{name:'显示摄像头画面'}).click();await expect(page.getByLabel('摄像头画面')).toBeVisible();
+  await page.getByRole('button',{name:'通知中心'}).click();
+  const notifications=page.getByRole('dialog',{name:'通知中心'});
+  await expect(notifications).toContainText('已为 1 个 hinge/slide 关节生成 motor 驱动器');
+  await expect(notifications).toContainText('已将 640×480 摄像头固连到 arm');
+  await page.keyboard.press('Escape');await page.getByRole('tab',{name:'控制'}).click();await page.getByRole('button',{name:'Actuator'}).click();
+  await expect(page.getByText('shoulder_motor')).toBeVisible();await expect(page.getByText('关节：shoulder')).toBeVisible();await expect(page.getByText('N·m',{exact:true})).toBeVisible();
+  await page.getByText('常用参数').click();const kp=page.getByLabel(/kp（MJCF stiffness/),kv=page.getByLabel(/kv（MJCF damping/);await kp.fill('150');await kp.press('Enter');await kv.fill('15');await kv.press('Enter');await expect(kp).toHaveValue('150');await expect(kv).toHaveValue('15');
+});
+
 test('转换后的 MJCF 保存时保留 DAE 转换缓存资源',async({page})=>{
   const zip=zipSync({'robot/urdf/robot.urdf':new Uint8Array(readFileSync(fixture('urdf_dae/robot/urdf/robot.urdf'))),'robot/dae/triangle.dae':new Uint8Array(readFileSync(fixture('urdf_dae/robot/dae/triangle.dae')))});
-  await page.goto('/');await page.locator('input[type="file"]').first().setInputFiles({name:'dae.zip',mimeType:'application/zip',buffer:Buffer.from(zip)});await expect(page.getByText('WASM 已加载')).toBeVisible({timeout:30_000});
+  await page.goto('/');await page.locator('input[type="file"]').first().setInputFiles({name:'dae.zip',mimeType:'application/zip',buffer:Buffer.from(zip)});await page.getByRole('dialog',{name:'配置 URDF 仿真组件'}).getByRole('button',{name:'转换并加载'}).click();await expect(page.getByText('WASM 已加载')).toBeVisible({timeout:30_000});
   await page.getByRole('button',{name:'源代码'}).click();const dialog=page.getByRole('dialog',{name:'转换后的 MJCF 编辑器'});await dialog.locator('.monaco-editor').click({position:{x:240,y:120}});await page.keyboard.press('Control+End');await page.keyboard.insertText('\n');await dialog.getByRole('button',{name:'保存并重新载入',exact:true}).click();await expect(dialog.getByRole('button',{name:'保存并重新载入',exact:true})).toBeDisabled({timeout:30_000});await expect(page.getByText('WASM 已加载')).toBeVisible();await expect(page.getByText('模型编译失败')).toHaveCount(0);
 });
 
diff --git a/wasm/web_platform/src/app/App.tsx b/wasm/web_platform/src/app/App.tsx
index 876f8286..925ae5dc 100644
--- a/wasm/web_platform/src/app/App.tsx
+++ b/wasm/web_platform/src/app/App.tsx
@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@ import {useCallback,useEffect,useRef,useState,type ChangeEvent,type DragEvent} f
 import {Camera,ChevronLeft,ChevronRight,CircleHelp,Code2,Crosshair,Download,Hand,Maximize,MousePointer2,PanelsTopLeft,Pause,Play,RotateCcw,Settings as SettingsIcon,SunMoon} from 'lucide-react';
 import type {ProjectManifest} from '../project/types';
 import {filesFromDrop,importBrowserFiles,ProjectImportError} from '../project/importer';
-import {MainThreadPhysicsAdapter,type UrdfBaseMode,type UrdfLoadMode} from '../simulation/PhysicsAdapter';
+import {MainThreadPhysicsAdapter,type UrdfBaseMode,type UrdfEnhancementOptions,type UrdfLoadMode} from '../simulation/PhysicsAdapter';
+import type {ActuatorParameters} from '../simulation/SimulationSession';
 import {MuJoCoViewer,type InteractionMode,type ViewerTheme} from '../viewer/MuJoCoViewer';
 import {useAppStore,type AppDiagnostic} from '../stores/useAppStore';
 import {WorkbenchHeader} from './components/WorkbenchHeader';
@@ -20,34 +21,40 @@ import {CommandPalette,type WorkbenchCommand} from './components/CommandPalette'
 import {NotificationCenter,ToastViewport,type WorkbenchNotification} from './components/NotificationCenter';
 import {SettingsDialog} from './components/SettingsDialog';
 import {dispatchLayoutWidths,LayoutSettingsDialog,type LayoutPreset} from './components/LayoutSettingsDialog';
-import {ConfirmDialog,IconButton} from '../components/ui';
+import {Button,ConfirmDialog,IconButton} from '../components/ui';
 import {DiagnosticsDrawer} from './components/DiagnosticsDrawer';
 import {ToolbarOverflowMenu} from './components/ToolbarOverflowMenu';
 import {SourceEditorDialog} from './components/SourceEditorDialog';
+import {UrdfImportOptionsDialog} from './components/UrdfImportOptionsDialog';
 import {downloadBytes,exportedFileName,mergeCachedFiles,readCachedText,upsertCachedMjcf} from '../project/cachedFiles';
 
 function diagnostic(category:AppDiagnostic['category'],error:unknown,path?:string):AppDiagnostic{const detail=error instanceof Error?error.message:String(error);return {category,summary:`${category}失败`,detail,path,at:Date.now()};}
 function initialTheme():ViewerTheme{try{return localStorage.getItem('mujoco-platform-theme')==='light'?'light':'dark';}catch{return'dark';}}
 function convertedCachePath(entryPath:string):string{const slash=entryPath.lastIndexOf('/');return `${slash>=0?entryPath.slice(0,slash+1):''}.__converted_mjcf_cache__.xml`;}
+function urdfLinkNames(project:ProjectManifest|null,path:string|undefined):string[]{const file=path?project?.files.find(candidate=>candidate.path===path):undefined;if(!file)return[];const document=new DOMParser().parseFromString(new TextDecoder().decode(file.data),'application/xml');return Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('robot > link[name]')).map(link=>link.getAttribute('name')).filter((name):name is string=>Boolean(name));}
 
 export function App(){
   const state=useAppStore();
-  const manifest=useRef<ProjectManifest|null>(null),notificationId=useRef(0),loadInFlight=useRef(false),importInFlight=useRef(false),adapter=useRef(new MainThreadPhysicsAdapter()),root=useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null),viewerHost=useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null),viewer=useRef<MuJoCoViewer|null>(null);
-  const [forceScale,setForceScale]=useState(50),[leftOpen,setLeftOpen]=useState(true),[rightOpen,setRightOpen]=useState(true),[helpOpen,setHelpOpen]=useState(false),[commandOpen,setCommandOpen]=useState(false),[sourceOpen,setSourceOpen]=useState(false),[generatedMjcf,setGeneratedMjcf]=useState<string>(),[generatedMjcfPath,setGeneratedMjcfPath]=useState<string>(),[removeConfirmOpen,setRemoveConfirmOpen]=useState(false),[fullscreen,setFullscreen]=useState(false),[settingsOpen,setSettingsOpen]=useState(false),[layoutOpen,setLayoutOpen]=useState(false),[diagnosticsOpen,setDiagnosticsOpen]=useState(false),[importProgress,setImportProgress]=useState<ImportProgress>(),[notifications,setNotifications]=useState<WorkbenchNotification[]>([]),[toast,setToast]=useState<WorkbenchNotification>();
+  const manifest=useRef<ProjectManifest|null>(null),notificationId=useRef(0),loadInFlight=useRef(false),importInFlight=useRef(false),adapter=useRef(new MainThreadPhysicsAdapter()),root=useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null),viewerHost=useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null),viewer=useRef<MuJoCoViewer|null>(null),urdfEnhancementsRef=useRef<UrdfEnhancementOptions>({addActuators:true,addSensors:true,sensorType:'camera'});
+  const [forceScale,setForceScale]=useState(50),[leftOpen,setLeftOpen]=useState(true),[rightOpen,setRightOpen]=useState(true),[helpOpen,setHelpOpen]=useState(false),[commandOpen,setCommandOpen]=useState(false),[sourceOpen,setSourceOpen]=useState(false),[generatedMjcf,setGeneratedMjcf]=useState<string>(),[generatedMjcfPath,setGeneratedMjcfPath]=useState<string>(),[pendingUrdfPath,setPendingUrdfPath]=useState<string>(),[pendingUrdfMounts,setPendingUrdfMounts]=useState<string[]>([]),[removeConfirmOpen,setRemoveConfirmOpen]=useState(false),[fullscreen,setFullscreen]=useState(false),[settingsOpen,setSettingsOpen]=useState(false),[layoutOpen,setLayoutOpen]=useState(false),[diagnosticsOpen,setDiagnosticsOpen]=useState(false),[importProgress,setImportProgress]=useState<ImportProgress>(),[notifications,setNotifications]=useState<WorkbenchNotification[]>([]),[toast,setToast]=useState<WorkbenchNotification>();
   const [urdfMode,setUrdfMode]=useState<UrdfLoadMode>('mjcf'),urdfModeRef=useRef<UrdfLoadMode>('mjcf');
   const [baseMode,setBaseMode]=useState<UrdfBaseMode>('floating'),baseModeRef=useRef<UrdfBaseMode>('floating');
-  const [showCollision,setShowCollision]=useState(false),[theme,setTheme]=useState<ViewerTheme>(initialTheme),[jointAdvanced,setJointAdvanced]=useState(false),[ignoreJointLimits,setIgnoreJointLimits]=useState(false),[angleUnit,setAngleUnit]=useState<'rad'|'deg'>('rad');
+  const [showCollision,setShowCollision]=useState(false),[showSensorCamera,setShowSensorCamera]=useState(true),[theme,setTheme]=useState<ViewerTheme>(initialTheme),[jointAdvanced,setJointAdvanced]=useState(false),[ignoreJointLimits,setIgnoreJointLimits]=useState(false),[angleUnit,setAngleUnit]=useState<'rad'|'deg'>('rad');
   useEffect(()=>{if(!viewerHost.current)return;viewer.current=new MuJoCoViewer(viewerHost.current,{onSelection:state.setSelection,onFrame:(frame,fps,snapshot)=>{const memory=(performance as Performance&{memory?:{usedJSHeapSize:number}}).memory?.usedJSHeapSize;state.setMetrics(fps,frame.stepMs,memory===undefined?undefined:memory/1048576,frame.overBudget);if(snapshot)state.setSnapshot(snapshot);},onError:error=>state.setDiagnostic(diagnostic('渲染',error))});return()=>{viewer.current?.dispose();viewer.current=null;adapter.current.dispose();};},[]);
   useEffect(()=>{viewer.current?.setMode(state.mode);},[state.mode]);
   useEffect(()=>{if(viewer.current)viewer.current.forceScale=forceScale;},[forceScale]);
   useEffect(()=>{viewer.current?.setShowCollision(showCollision);},[showCollision]);
+  useEffect(()=>{viewer.current?.setShowSensorCamera(showSensorCamera);},[showSensorCamera]);
   useEffect(()=>{viewer.current?.setTheme(theme);document.documentElement.style.colorScheme=theme;try{localStorage.setItem('mujoco-platform-theme',theme);}catch{/* 当前会话仍可切换 */}},[theme]);
   useEffect(()=>{const change=()=>setFullscreen(document.fullscreenElement===root.current);document.addEventListener('fullscreenchange',change);return()=>document.removeEventListener('fullscreenchange',change);},[]);
-  const loadEntry=useCallback(async(path:string,requestedMode?:UrdfLoadMode)=>{if(!manifest.current||loadInFlight.current)return;loadInFlight.current=true;setIgnoreJointLimits(false);state.setEntry(path);state.setLoading(true);setImportProgress({label:'初始化 WASM 与编译模型',value:.65});state.setDiagnostic(undefined);setGeneratedMjcf(undefined);setGeneratedMjcfPath(undefined);viewer.current?.attach(null);state.setSnapshot(undefined);state.setSelection(null);try{const snapshot=await adapter.current.load(manifest.current,path,requestedMode??urdfModeRef.current,baseModeRef.current);const supportFiles=adapter.current.cachedSupportFiles();if(supportFiles.length&&manifest.current){manifest.current=mergeCachedFiles(manifest.current,supportFiles);state.setProject(manifest.current.name,manifest.current.files.map(file=>({path:file.path,size:file.size})),manifest.current.entries,path);}setImportProgress({label:'创建视口场景',value:.92});adapter.current.setSpeed(useAppStore.getState().speed);state.setSnapshot(snapshot);state.setPaused(true);viewer.current?.attach(adapter.current.session);try{setGeneratedMjcf(new TextDecoder().decode(adapter.current.exportMjcf()));setGeneratedMjcfPath(convertedCachePath(path));}catch(error){console.warn('[MuJoCo] 无法生成源码预览',error);}const notice:WorkbenchNotification={id:++notificationId.current,title:snapshot.warnings.length?'URDF 兼容处理':'模型加载完成',detail:snapshot.warnings.length?snapshot.warnings.join('\n'):path,tone:snapshot.warnings.length?'warning':'success',at:Date.now()};setNotifications(items=>[notice,...items].slice(0,20));setToast(notice);}catch(error){state.setDiagnostic(diagnostic('模型编译',error,path));const notice:WorkbenchNotification={id:++notificationId.current,title:'模型编译失败',detail:error instanceof Error?error.message:String(error),tone:'danger',at:Date.now()};setNotifications(items=>[notice,...items].slice(0,20));setToast(notice);}finally{loadInFlight.current=false;setImportProgress(undefined);state.setLoading(false);}},[]);
-  const ingest=useCallback(async(files:File[],lockOwned=false)=>{if(importInFlight.current&&!lockOwned)return;importInFlight.current=true;state.setLoading(true);setImportProgress({label:'读取工程文件',value:.12});try{const next=await importBrowserFiles(files);setImportProgress({label:'处理模型资源与入口',value:.38});manifest.current=next;state.setProject(next.name,next.files.map(({path,size})=>({path,size})),next.entries,next.selectedEntry);if(next.selectedEntry)await loadEntry(next.selectedEntry);}catch(error){state.setDiagnostic(diagnostic(error instanceof ProjectImportError&&/ZIP/.test(error.message)?'ZIP':'导入',error,error instanceof ProjectImportError?error.path:undefined));const notice:WorkbenchNotification={id:++notificationId.current,title:'工程导入失败',detail:error instanceof Error?error.message:String(error),tone:'danger',at:Date.now()};setNotifications(items=>[notice,...items].slice(0,20));setToast(notice);}finally{importInFlight.current=false;setImportProgress(undefined);state.setLoading(false);}},[loadEntry]);
+  const loadEntry=useCallback(async(path:string,requestedMode?:UrdfLoadMode)=>{if(!manifest.current||loadInFlight.current)return;loadInFlight.current=true;setIgnoreJointLimits(false);state.setEntry(path);state.setLoading(true);setImportProgress({label:'初始化 WASM 与编译模型',value:.65});state.setDiagnostic(undefined);setGeneratedMjcf(undefined);setGeneratedMjcfPath(undefined);viewer.current?.attach(null);state.setSnapshot(undefined);state.setSelection(null);try{const snapshot=await adapter.current.load(manifest.current,path,requestedMode??urdfModeRef.current,baseModeRef.current,urdfEnhancementsRef.current);const supportFiles=adapter.current.cachedSupportFiles();if(supportFiles.length&&manifest.current){manifest.current=mergeCachedFiles(manifest.current,supportFiles);state.setProject(manifest.current.name,manifest.current.files.map(file=>({path:file.path,size:file.size})),manifest.current.entries,path);}setImportProgress({label:'创建视口场景',value:.92});adapter.current.setSpeed(useAppStore.getState().speed);state.setSnapshot(snapshot);state.setPaused(true);viewer.current?.attach(adapter.current.session);try{setGeneratedMjcf(new TextDecoder().decode(adapter.current.exportMjcf()));setGeneratedMjcfPath(convertedCachePath(path));}catch(error){console.warn('[MuJoCo] 无法生成源码预览',error);}const notice:WorkbenchNotification={id:++notificationId.current,title:snapshot.warnings.length?'URDF 兼容处理':'模型加载完成',detail:snapshot.warnings.length?snapshot.warnings.join('\n'):path,tone:snapshot.warnings.length?'warning':'success',at:Date.now()};setNotifications(items=>[notice,...items].slice(0,20));setToast(notice);}catch(error){state.setDiagnostic(diagnostic('模型编译',error,path));const notice:WorkbenchNotification={id:++notificationId.current,title:'模型编译失败',detail:error instanceof Error?error.message:String(error),tone:'danger',at:Date.now()};setNotifications(items=>[notice,...items].slice(0,20));setToast(notice);}finally{loadInFlight.current=false;setImportProgress(undefined);state.setLoading(false);}},[]);
+  const requestLoadEntry=useCallback(async(path:string)=>{const entry=manifest.current?.entries.find(candidate=>candidate.path===path);if(entry?.format==='urdf'&&urdfModeRef.current==='mjcf'){setPendingUrdfMounts(urdfLinkNames(manifest.current,path));setPendingUrdfPath(path);return;}await loadEntry(path);},[loadEntry]);
+  const confirmUrdfOptions=(options:UrdfEnhancementOptions)=>{const path=pendingUrdfPath;if(!path)return;urdfEnhancementsRef.current=options;setPendingUrdfPath(undefined);setPendingUrdfMounts([]);void loadEntry(path);};
+  const skipUrdfOptions=()=>confirmUrdfOptions({addActuators:false,addSensors:false,sensorType:'camera'});
+  const ingest=useCallback(async(files:File[],lockOwned=false)=>{if(importInFlight.current&&!lockOwned)return;importInFlight.current=true;state.setLoading(true);setImportProgress({label:'读取工程文件',value:.12});try{const next=await importBrowserFiles(files);setImportProgress({label:'处理模型资源与入口',value:.38});manifest.current=next;state.setProject(next.name,next.files.map(({path,size})=>({path,size})),next.entries,next.selectedEntry);if(next.selectedEntry)await requestLoadEntry(next.selectedEntry);}catch(error){state.setDiagnostic(diagnostic(error instanceof ProjectImportError&&/ZIP/.test(error.message)?'ZIP':'导入',error,error instanceof ProjectImportError?error.path:undefined));const notice:WorkbenchNotification={id:++notificationId.current,title:'工程导入失败',detail:error instanceof Error?error.message:String(error),tone:'danger',at:Date.now()};setNotifications(items=>[notice,...items].slice(0,20));setToast(notice);}finally{importInFlight.current=false;setImportProgress(undefined);state.setLoading(false);}},[requestLoadEntry]);
   const removeProject=()=>{if(state.projectName)setRemoveConfirmOpen(true);};
-  const confirmRemoveProject=()=>{viewer.current?.attach(null);adapter.current.dispose();manifest.current=null;setGeneratedMjcf(undefined);setGeneratedMjcfPath(undefined);state.clearProject();setRemoveConfirmOpen(false);};
-  const changeUrdfMode=(value:UrdfLoadMode)=>{setUrdfMode(value);urdfModeRef.current=value;const entry=state.entries.find(candidate=>candidate.path===state.selectedEntry);if(entry?.format==='urdf')void loadEntry(entry.path,value);};
+  const confirmRemoveProject=()=>{viewer.current?.attach(null);adapter.current.dispose();manifest.current=null;setGeneratedMjcf(undefined);setGeneratedMjcfPath(undefined);setPendingUrdfPath(undefined);setPendingUrdfMounts([]);state.clearProject();setRemoveConfirmOpen(false);};
+  const changeUrdfMode=(value:UrdfLoadMode)=>{setUrdfMode(value);urdfModeRef.current=value;const entry=state.entries.find(candidate=>candidate.path===state.selectedEntry);if(entry?.format!=='urdf')return;if(value==='mjcf'){setPendingUrdfMounts(urdfLinkNames(manifest.current,entry.path));setPendingUrdfPath(entry.path);}else void loadEntry(entry.path,value);};
   const changeBaseMode=(value:UrdfBaseMode)=>{setBaseMode(value);baseModeRef.current=value;const entry=state.entries.find(candidate=>candidate.path===state.selectedEntry);if(entry?.format==='urdf'&&urdfModeRef.current==='mjcf')void loadEntry(entry.path,'mjcf');};
   const changeFiles=(event:ChangeEvent<HTMLInputElement>)=>{void ingest(Array.from(event.target.files??[]));event.target.value='';};
   const drop=(event:DragEvent)=>{event.preventDefault();if(state.loading||importInFlight.current)return;importInFlight.current=true;state.setLoading(true);setImportProgress({label:'读取拖放文件',value:.05});void (async()=>{try{const files=await filesFromDrop(event.dataTransfer.items,event.dataTransfer.files);await ingest(files,true);}catch(error){importInFlight.current=false;setImportProgress(undefined);state.setLoading(false);state.setDiagnostic(diagnostic('导入',error));}})();};
@@ -59,6 +66,7 @@ export function App(){
   const resetJoints=()=>{adapter.current.resetJoints();state.setPaused(true);state.setSnapshot(adapter.current.snapshot()??undefined);};
   const toggleJointLimits=()=>{const next=!ignoreJointLimits;adapter.current.setIgnoreJointLimits(next);setIgnoreJointLimits(next);state.setSnapshot(adapter.current.snapshot()??undefined);};
   const setActuator=(id:number,value:number)=>{adapter.current.setActuator(id,value);state.setSnapshot(adapter.current.snapshot()??undefined);};
+  const setActuatorParameters=(id:number,parameters:ActuatorParameters)=>{if(!adapter.current.setActuatorParameters(id,parameters))return;state.setSnapshot(adapter.current.snapshot()??undefined);try{setGeneratedMjcf(new TextDecoder().decode(adapter.current.exportMjcf()));}catch(error){console.warn('[MuJoCo] 无法刷新驱动器参数源码',error);}};
   const setJoint=(id:number,value:number)=>{adapter.current.setJointPosition(id,value);state.setPaused(true);state.setSnapshot(adapter.current.snapshot()??undefined);};
   const notify=(title:string,detail:string,tone:WorkbenchNotification['tone']='success')=>{const notice:WorkbenchNotification={id:++notificationId.current,title,detail,tone,at:Date.now()};setNotifications(items=>[notice,...items].slice(0,20));setToast(notice);};
   const saveCachedSource=async(path:string,text:string)=>{if(!manifest.current)return;manifest.current=upsertCachedMjcf(manifest.current,path,text);state.setProject(manifest.current.name,manifest.current.files.map(file=>({path:file.path,size:file.size})),manifest.current.entries,path);notify('转换后的 MJCF 已保存到缓存',path);await loadEntry(path);};
@@ -86,7 +94,7 @@ export function App(){
   ];
   return <div ref={root} className={`${theme==='light'?'theme-light':'theme-dark'} flex h-screen min-w-[1024px] flex-col overflow-hidden bg-app text-text-primary`} onDragOver={event=>event.preventDefault()} onDrop={drop}>
     <WorkbenchHeader paused={state.paused} ready={Boolean(state.snapshot)} speed={state.speed} theme={theme} loading={state.loading} leftOpen={leftOpen} rightOpen={rightOpen} fullscreen={fullscreen} hasProject={Boolean(generatedMjcf)} onFiles={changeFiles} onFolder={changeFiles} onOpenSource={()=>setSourceOpen(true)} onTogglePause={togglePause} onStep={singleStep} onReset={reset} onSpeed={changeSpeed} onToggleLeft={()=>setLeftOpen(value=>!value)} onToggleRight={()=>setRightOpen(value=>!value)} onToggleTheme={()=>setTheme(value=>value==='dark'?'light':'dark')} onHelp={()=>setHelpOpen(true)} endActions={<><NotificationCenter items={notifications} onDismiss={id=>setNotifications(items=>items.filter(item=>item.id!==id))} onClear={()=>setNotifications([])} onOpenLog={()=>setDiagnosticsOpen(true)}/><span className="hidden items-center gap-0.5 xl:flex"><IconButton tooltip="布局设置" aria-label="布局设置" onClick={()=>setLayoutOpen(true)}><PanelsTopLeft className="h-4 w-4"/></IconButton><IconButton tooltip="工作台设置" aria-label="工作台设置" onClick={()=>setSettingsOpen(true)}><SettingsIcon className="h-4 w-4"/></IconButton></span></>} compactMenu={<ToolbarOverflowMenu fullscreen={fullscreen} onCommands={()=>setCommandOpen(true)} onLayout={()=>setLayoutOpen(true)} onSettings={()=>setSettingsOpen(true)} onFullscreen={toggleFullscreen} onHelp={()=>setHelpOpen(true)} onTheme={()=>setTheme(value=>value==='dark'?'light':'dark')}/>} onCommands={()=>setCommandOpen(true)} onToggleFullscreen={toggleFullscreen} center={<ViewerToolDock mode={state.mode} onModeChange={mode} onResetCamera={()=>viewer.current?.resetCamera()}/>}/>
-    <div className="flex min-h-0 flex-1"><ProjectSidebar visible={leftOpen} projectName={state.projectName} files={state.files} entries={state.entries} selectedEntry={state.selectedEntry} snapshot={state.snapshot} loading={state.loading} onRemove={removeProject} onSelectEntry={path=>void loadEntry(path)} onJointHover={jointId=>viewer.current?.highlightJoint(jointId)}/><main className="relative min-w-0 flex-1"><div ref={viewerHost} className="absolute inset-0"/><ViewportHUD paused={state.paused} mode={state.mode} selection={state.selection} ready={Boolean(state.snapshot)}/><WorkspaceOverlays loading={state.loading} hasSnapshot={Boolean(state.snapshot)} progress={importProgress}/><ToastViewport item={toast} onDismiss={()=>setToast(undefined)}/>{state.entries.length>1&&!state.selectedEntry&&<EntrySelectionDialog entries={state.entries} onSelect={loadEntry}/>} {state.diagnostic&&<ErrorRecoveryPanel key={state.diagnostic.at} value={state.diagnostic} onClose={()=>state.setDiagnostic(undefined)} onRetry={state.diagnostic.category==='模型编译'&&state.diagnostic.path?()=>void loadEntry(state.diagnostic!.path!):undefined} onOpenProject={()=>{setLeftOpen(true);state.setDiagnostic(undefined);}}/>}</main><ModelControlsSidebar visible={rightOpen} snapshot={state.snapshot} selection={state.selection} selectedFormat={selectedFormat} loading={state.loading} urdfMode={urdfMode} baseMode={baseMode} showCollision={showCollision} ignoreJointLimits={ignoreJointLimits} jointAdvanced={jointAdvanced} angleUnit={angleUnit} forceScale={forceScale} onUrdfMode={changeUrdfMode} onBaseMode={changeBaseMode} onShowCollision={setShowCollision} onResetJoints={resetJoints} onToggleJointLimits={toggleJointLimits} onToggleAdvanced={()=>setJointAdvanced(value=>!value)} onToggleAngleUnit={()=>setAngleUnit(value=>value==='rad'?'deg':'rad')} onActuator={setActuator} onJoint={setJoint} onForceScale={setForceScale}/></div>
-    {sourceOpen&&generatedMjcf&&generatedMjcfPath&&<SourceEditorDialog open code={generatedMjcf} filePath={generatedMjcfPath} theme={theme} onClose={()=>setSourceOpen(false)} onSave={saveCachedSource}/>}<ShortcutHelpDialog open={helpOpen} onClose={()=>setHelpOpen(false)}/><DiagnosticsDrawer open={diagnosticsOpen} items={notifications} onClose={()=>setDiagnosticsOpen(false)} onClear={()=>setNotifications([])}/><SettingsDialog open={settingsOpen} onClose={()=>setSettingsOpen(false)} theme={theme} angleUnit={angleUnit} showCollision={showCollision} jointAdvanced={jointAdvanced} forceScale={forceScale} onTheme={setTheme} onAngleUnit={setAngleUnit} onShowCollision={setShowCollision} onJointAdvanced={setJointAdvanced} onForceScale={setForceScale}/><LayoutSettingsDialog open={layoutOpen} onClose={()=>setLayoutOpen(false)} leftOpen={leftOpen} rightOpen={rightOpen} onLeftOpen={setLeftOpen} onRightOpen={setRightOpen} onPreset={applyLayoutPreset} onReset={()=>applyLayoutPreset('default')}/><CommandPalette open={commandOpen} onClose={()=>setCommandOpen(false)} commands={commands}/><ConfirmDialog open={removeConfirmOpen} title="移除当前工程" confirmLabel="移除工程" danger onConfirm={confirmRemoveProject} onClose={()=>setRemoveConfirmOpen(false)}><p className="text-sm text-text-secondary">确定从当前会话中移除“<strong className="text-text-primary">{state.projectName}</strong>”吗？</p><p className="mt-2 text-xs text-text-tertiary">该操作不会删除本地文件。</p></ConfirmDialog><StatusBar time={state.snapshot?.time} fps={state.fps} stepMs={state.stepMs} memoryMb={state.memoryMb} loaded={Boolean(state.snapshot)} overBudget={state.overBudget}/>
+    <div className="flex min-h-0 flex-1"><ProjectSidebar visible={leftOpen} projectName={state.projectName} files={state.files} entries={state.entries} selectedEntry={state.selectedEntry} snapshot={state.snapshot} loading={state.loading} onRemove={removeProject} onSelectEntry={requestLoadEntry} onJointHover={jointId=>viewer.current?.highlightJoint(jointId)}/><main className="relative min-w-0 flex-1"><div ref={viewerHost} className="absolute inset-0"/><ViewportHUD paused={state.paused} mode={state.mode} selection={state.selection} ready={Boolean(state.snapshot)}/><WorkspaceOverlays loading={state.loading} hasSnapshot={Boolean(state.snapshot)} progress={importProgress}/><ToastViewport item={toast} onDismiss={()=>setToast(undefined)}/>{Boolean(state.snapshot?.model.ncam)&&(showSensorCamera?<div aria-label="摄像头画面" className="pointer-events-none absolute bottom-4 left-4 z-20 aspect-video w-[min(320px,32%)] min-w-[120px] overflow-hidden rounded-lg border border-border-strong shadow-2xl"><div className="pointer-events-auto absolute inset-x-0 top-0 flex h-7 items-center justify-between bg-black/65 px-2 text-[10px] font-medium text-white"><span className="flex items-center gap-1"><Camera className="h-3 w-3"/>摄像头</span><button type="button" className="rounded px-1.5 py-0.5 hover:bg-white/15 focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-white/60" onClick={()=>setShowSensorCamera(false)}>隐藏画面</button></div></div>:<Button className="absolute bottom-4 left-4 z-20" icon={<Camera className="h-3.5 w-3.5"/>} onClick={()=>setShowSensorCamera(true)}>显示摄像头画面</Button>)}{state.entries.length>1&&!state.selectedEntry&&!pendingUrdfPath&&<EntrySelectionDialog entries={state.entries} onSelect={requestLoadEntry}/>} {state.diagnostic&&<ErrorRecoveryPanel key={state.diagnostic.at} value={state.diagnostic} onClose={()=>state.setDiagnostic(undefined)} onRetry={state.diagnostic.category==='模型编译'&&state.diagnostic.path?()=>void loadEntry(state.diagnostic!.path!):undefined} onOpenProject={()=>{setLeftOpen(true);state.setDiagnostic(undefined);}}/>}</main><ModelControlsSidebar visible={rightOpen} snapshot={state.snapshot} selection={state.selection} selectedFormat={selectedFormat} loading={state.loading} urdfMode={urdfMode} baseMode={baseMode} showCollision={showCollision} ignoreJointLimits={ignoreJointLimits} jointAdvanced={jointAdvanced} angleUnit={angleUnit} forceScale={forceScale} onUrdfMode={changeUrdfMode} onBaseMode={changeBaseMode} onShowCollision={setShowCollision} onResetJoints={resetJoints} onToggleJointLimits={toggleJointLimits} onToggleAdvanced={()=>setJointAdvanced(value=>!value)} onToggleAngleUnit={()=>setAngleUnit(value=>value==='rad'?'deg':'rad')} onActuator={setActuator} onActuatorParameters={setActuatorParameters} onJoint={setJoint} onForceScale={setForceScale}/></div>
+    {pendingUrdfPath&&<UrdfImportOptionsDialog open path={pendingUrdfPath} mountBodies={pendingUrdfMounts} onConfirm={confirmUrdfOptions} onSkip={skipUrdfOptions}/>}{sourceOpen&&generatedMjcf&&generatedMjcfPath&&<SourceEditorDialog open code={generatedMjcf} filePath={generatedMjcfPath} theme={theme} onClose={()=>setSourceOpen(false)} onSave={saveCachedSource}/>}<ShortcutHelpDialog open={helpOpen} onClose={()=>setHelpOpen(false)}/><DiagnosticsDrawer open={diagnosticsOpen} items={notifications} onClose={()=>setDiagnosticsOpen(false)} onClear={()=>setNotifications([])}/><SettingsDialog open={settingsOpen} onClose={()=>setSettingsOpen(false)} theme={theme} angleUnit={angleUnit} showCollision={showCollision} jointAdvanced={jointAdvanced} forceScale={forceScale} onTheme={setTheme} onAngleUnit={setAngleUnit} onShowCollision={setShowCollision} onJointAdvanced={setJointAdvanced} onForceScale={setForceScale}/><LayoutSettingsDialog open={layoutOpen} onClose={()=>setLayoutOpen(false)} leftOpen={leftOpen} rightOpen={rightOpen} onLeftOpen={setLeftOpen} onRightOpen={setRightOpen} onPreset={applyLayoutPreset} onReset={()=>applyLayoutPreset('default')}/><CommandPalette open={commandOpen} onClose={()=>setCommandOpen(false)} commands={commands}/><ConfirmDialog open={removeConfirmOpen} title="移除当前工程" confirmLabel="移除工程" danger onConfirm={confirmRemoveProject} onClose={()=>setRemoveConfirmOpen(false)}><p className="text-sm text-text-secondary">确定从当前会话中移除“<strong className="text-text-primary">{state.projectName}</strong>”吗？</p><p className="mt-2 text-xs text-text-tertiary">该操作不会删除本地文件。</p></ConfirmDialog><StatusBar time={state.snapshot?.time} fps={state.fps} stepMs={state.stepMs} memoryMb={state.memoryMb} loaded={Boolean(state.snapshot)} overBudget={state.overBudget}/>
   </div>;
 }
diff --git a/wasm/web_platform/src/app/components/ActuatorControl.test.tsx b/wasm/web_platform/src/app/components/ActuatorControl.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..08cba473
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wasm/web_platform/src/app/components/ActuatorControl.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import {fireEvent,render,screen} from '@testing-library/react';
+import {ActuatorControl} from './SidebarPanel';
+import type {ActuatorInfo} from '../../simulation/SimulationSession';
+
+const actuator:ActuatorInfo={id:0,name:'shoulder_motor',value:.5,min:-1,max:1,limited:true,jointId:0,jointName:'shoulder',jointType:3,unit:'N·m',kind:'motor',controlCount:1,gear:2,gain:1,kp:0,kv:0,ctrlLimited:true,ctrlMin:-1,ctrlMax:1,forceLimited:true,forceMin:-20,forceMax:20};
+
+describe('ActuatorControl',()=>{
+  it('显示对应关节和常用力矩单位',()=>{
+    render(<ActuatorControl actuator={actuator} onControl={()=>{}} onParameters={()=>{}}/>);
+    expect(screen.getByText('shoulder_motor')).toBeVisible();
+    expect(screen.getByText('关节：shoulder')).toBeVisible();
+    expect(screen.getByText('1.000 N·m')).toBeVisible();
+  });
+
+  it('内部按 gear 换算输出，但参数面板只开放 kp、kv 等业务参数',()=>{
+    const onControl=vi.fn(),onParameters=vi.fn();
+    render(<ActuatorControl actuator={actuator} onControl={onControl} onParameters={onParameters}/>);
+    fireEvent.change(screen.getByRole('slider'),{target:{value:'2'}});
+    expect(onControl).toHaveBeenCalledWith(1);
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByText('常用参数'));
+    expect(screen.queryByLabelText('传动比 gear')).not.toBeInTheDocument();
+    expect(screen.queryByLabelText('固定增益 gain')).not.toBeInTheDocument();
+    const kp=screen.getByLabelText(/kp（MJCF stiffness/);fireEvent.change(kp,{target:{value:'3'}});fireEvent.blur(kp);
+    expect(onParameters).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({kp:3,ctrlLimited:true,forceLimited:true}));
+  });
+
+  it('position 伺服使用角度目标并开放 kp、kv',()=>{
+    const onParameters=vi.fn();
+    render(<ActuatorControl actuator={{...actuator,name:'shoulder_servo',kind:'position',unit:'°',value:Math.PI/2,min:-Math.PI,max:Math.PI,gear:1,kp:100,kv:10,gain:100}} onControl={()=>{}} onParameters={onParameters}/>);
+    expect(screen.getByText('90.000 °')).toBeVisible();fireEvent.click(screen.getByText('常用参数'));
+    const kp=screen.getByLabelText(/位置增益 kp/);fireEvent.change(kp,{target:{value:'150'}});fireEvent.blur(kp);
+    expect(onParameters).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({kp:150,kv:10}));
+  });
+
+  it('非 motor 驱动器保持原始控制单位且不开放通用参数编辑',()=>{
+    render(<ActuatorControl actuator={{...actuator,name:'custom',kind:'other',unit:'',value:.25}} onControl={()=>{}} onParameters={()=>{}}/>);
+    expect(screen.getByText('0.250')).toBeVisible();
+    expect(screen.queryByText('常用参数')).not.toBeInTheDocument();
+    expect(screen.getByText(/不是可直接编辑的 motor\/position/)).toBeVisible();
+  });
+});
diff --git a/wasm/web_platform/src/app/components/SidebarPanel.tsx b/wasm/web_platform/src/app/components/SidebarPanel.tsx
index 66cc963e..5f2758bc 100644
--- a/wasm/web_platform/src/app/components/SidebarPanel.tsx
+++ b/wasm/web_platform/src/app/components/SidebarPanel.tsx
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import {Box,FolderTree,Info,Settings2,SlidersHorizontal} from 'lucide-react';
 import type {ModelEntry} from '../../project/types';
 import {countProjectSearchResults,ProjectTree,type ProjectTreeFile} from '../../project/ProjectTree';
 import {countModelStructureSearchResults,ModelStructureTree} from '../../project/ModelStructureTree';
-import type {SimulationSnapshot} from '../../simulation/SimulationSession';
+import type {ActuatorInfo,ActuatorParameters,SimulationSnapshot} from '../../simulation/SimulationSession';
 import type {UrdfBaseMode,UrdfLoadMode} from '../../simulation/PhysicsAdapter';
 import type {ViewerSelection} from '../../viewer/MuJoCoViewer';
 import {Badge,Button,CollapsibleSection,CopyButton,PropertyRow,ResizablePanel,Select,Tabs} from '../../components/ui';
@@ -19,16 +19,40 @@ interface ModelControlsProps{
   urdfMode:UrdfLoadMode;baseMode:UrdfBaseMode;showCollision:boolean;ignoreJointLimits:boolean;jointAdvanced:boolean;angleUnit:'rad'|'deg';forceScale:number;
   onUrdfMode:(value:UrdfLoadMode)=>void;onBaseMode:(value:UrdfBaseMode)=>void;onShowCollision:(value:boolean)=>void;
   onResetJoints:()=>void;onToggleJointLimits:()=>void;onToggleAdvanced:()=>void;onToggleAngleUnit:()=>void;
-  onActuator:(id:number,value:number)=>void;onJoint:(id:number,value:number)=>void;onForceScale:(value:number)=>void;
+  onActuator:(id:number,value:number)=>void;onActuatorParameters:(id:number,parameters:ActuatorParameters)=>void;onJoint:(id:number,value:number)=>void;onForceScale:(value:number)=>void;
 }
 export function ModelControlsSidebar(props:ModelControlsProps){const [tab,setTab]=useState<'properties'|'controls'>('properties'),s=props.snapshot;if(!s)return <SidebarPanel title="模型与控制" side="right" visible={props.visible}><div className="p-4 text-sm text-text-tertiary">导入模型后显示属性</div></SidebarPanel>;
-  const properties=<><CollapsibleSection title="模型信息" defaultOpen badge={<Badge>{s.model.nbody} Body</Badge>}><div><PropertyRow label="Body" value={s.model.nbody}/><PropertyRow label="Joint" value={s.model.njnt}/><PropertyRow label="Geom" value={s.model.ngeom}/><PropertyRow label="Actuator" value={s.model.nu}/><PropertyRow label="qpos / qvel" value={`${s.model.nq} / ${s.model.nv}`}/></div></CollapsibleSection>
+  const properties=<><CollapsibleSection title="模型信息" defaultOpen badge={<Badge>{s.model.nbody} Body</Badge>}><div><PropertyRow label="Body" value={s.model.nbody}/><PropertyRow label="Joint" value={s.model.njnt}/><PropertyRow label="Geom" value={s.model.ngeom}/><PropertyRow label="Actuator" value={s.model.nactuator}/><PropertyRow label="qpos / qvel" value={`${s.model.nq} / ${s.model.nv}`}/></div></CollapsibleSection>
   {props.selectedFormat==='urdf'&&<CollapsibleSection title="URDF 处理方式" defaultOpen={false}><Select aria-label="URDF 处理方式" className="w-full" value={props.urdfMode} disabled={props.loading} onChange={event=>props.onUrdfMode(event.target.value as UrdfLoadMode)}><option value="mjcf">转换为 MJCF（推荐）</option><option value="native">MuJoCo 原生 URDF</option></Select><label className="mt-3 block text-xs text-text-secondary"><span className="mb-1 block">基座类型</span><Select aria-label="URDF 基座类型" className="w-full" value={props.baseMode} disabled={props.loading||props.urdfMode==='native'} onChange={event=>props.onBaseMode(event.target.value as UrdfBaseMode)}><option value="floating">浮动基座（Free Joint）</option><option value="fixed">固定基座（连接世界）</option></Select></label><p className="mt-2 text-xs text-text-tertiary">MJCF 模式保留 visual mesh、添加物理地面，并将模型最低点对齐到 z=0。</p><Check label="显示碰撞几何" checked={props.showCollision} onChange={props.onShowCollision}/></CollapsibleSection>}
   <CollapsibleSection title="当前选择" defaultOpen>{props.selection?<div className="text-xs"><PropertyRow label="Body" value={props.selection.bodyName} action={<CopyButton value={props.selection.bodyName} label="复制 Body 名称"/>}/><PropertyRow label="标识" value={`${props.selection.bodyId} / ${props.selection.geomId} / ${props.selection.geomType}`} action={<CopyButton value={`body ${props.selection.bodyId}, geom ${props.selection.geomId}, type ${props.selection.geomType}`} label="复制标识"/>}/><PropertyRow label="位置" value={props.selection.position.map(value=>value.toFixed(3)).join(', ')} action={<CopyButton value={props.selection.position.join(', ')} label="复制位置"/>}/></div>:<p className="flex items-center gap-2 text-xs text-text-tertiary"><Info className="h-3.5 w-3.5"/>在视口中单击物体</p>}</CollapsibleSection></>;
-  const controls=<><CollapsibleSection title="Actuator" defaultOpen={false} badge={<Badge>{s.actuators.length}</Badge>}>{s.actuators.length?s.actuators.map(actuator=><ControlSlider key={actuator.id} label={actuator.name} value={actuator.value} min={actuator.min} max={actuator.max} onChange={value=>props.onActuator(actuator.id,value)}/>):<p className="text-xs text-text-tertiary">模型没有 actuator</p>}</CollapsibleSection>
+  const controls=<><CollapsibleSection title="Actuator" defaultOpen={false} badge={<Badge>{s.actuators.length}</Badge>}>{s.actuators.length?s.actuators.map(actuator=><ActuatorControl key={actuator.id} actuator={actuator} onControl={value=>props.onActuator(actuator.id,value)} onParameters={parameters=>props.onActuatorParameters(actuator.id,parameters)}/>):<p className="text-xs text-text-tertiary">模型没有驱动器</p>}</CollapsibleSection>
   <CollapsibleSection title="关节" defaultOpen badge={<Badge>{s.joints.length}</Badge>}><div className="mb-4 grid grid-cols-2 gap-2"><Button onClick={props.onResetJoints}>重置关节</Button><Button variant={props.ignoreJointLimits?'primary':'secondary'} aria-pressed={props.ignoreJointLimits} onClick={props.onToggleJointLimits}>忽略关节限位</Button><Button variant={props.jointAdvanced?'primary':'secondary'} aria-pressed={props.jointAdvanced} onClick={props.onToggleAdvanced}>高级</Button><Button variant={props.angleUnit==='deg'?'primary':'secondary'} aria-pressed={props.angleUnit==='deg'} onClick={props.onToggleAngleUnit}>{props.angleUnit==='rad'?'rad 弧度制':'° 角度制'}</Button></div>{s.joints.map(joint=>{const scale=joint.type===3&&props.angleUnit==='deg'?180/Math.PI:1,unit=joint.type===3?(props.angleUnit==='deg'?'°':' rad'):joint.type===2?' m':'';return <ControlSlider key={joint.id} label={`${joint.name}${joint.editable?'':'（只读）'}`} value={joint.value*scale} min={joint.min*scale} max={joint.max*scale} unit={unit} advanced={props.jointAdvanced} limited={joint.limited} limitsIgnored={joint.limitsIgnored} limitMin={joint.limitMin*scale} limitMax={joint.limitMax*scale} disabled={!joint.editable} onChange={value=>props.onJoint(joint.id,value/scale)}/>;})}</CollapsibleSection>
   <CollapsibleSection title="外力强度" defaultOpen={false}><ControlSlider label={`${props.forceScale.toFixed(0)} N/屏幕单位`} value={props.forceScale} min={5} max={200} onChange={props.onForceScale}/><p className="text-xs text-text-tertiary">选择“外力施加”，在动态物体上按住拖动，松开即清零。</p></CollapsibleSection></>;
   return <SidebarPanel title="模型与控制" side="right" visible={props.visible}><Tabs label="模型控制侧栏" value={tab} onValueChange={setTab} items={[{value:'properties',label:'属性',icon:<Info className="h-3.5 w-3.5"/>,content:properties},{value:'controls',label:'控制',icon:<SlidersHorizontal className="h-3.5 w-3.5"/>,content:controls}]}/></SidebarPanel>;
 }
+
+export function ActuatorControl({actuator,onControl,onParameters}:{actuator:ActuatorInfo;onControl:(value:number)=>void;onParameters:(parameters:ActuatorParameters)=>void}){
+  const isMotor=actuator.kind==='motor',isPosition=actuator.kind==='position',editable=isMotor||isPosition,baseTargetScale=isPosition&&actuator.jointType===3?180/Math.PI:1,targetScale=isPosition&&Math.abs(actuator.gear)>1e-9?baseTargetScale/actuator.gear:baseTargetScale;
+  const clampForce=(value:number)=>actuator.forceLimited?Math.min(actuator.forceMax,Math.max(actuator.forceMin,value)):value,physicalScale=actuator.gear*actuator.gain;
+  const forceA=clampForce(actuator.min*actuator.gain)*actuator.gear,forceB=clampForce(actuator.max*actuator.gain)*actuator.gear;
+  const targetA=actuator.min*targetScale,targetB=actuator.max*targetScale,outputMin=isMotor?Math.min(forceA,forceB):Math.min(targetA,targetB),outputMax=isMotor?Math.max(forceA,forceB):Math.max(targetA,targetB);
+  const outputValue=isMotor?clampForce(actuator.value*actuator.gain)*actuator.gear:actuator.value*targetScale,outputDisabled=(isMotor&&Math.abs(physicalScale)<=1e-9)||(isPosition&&Math.abs(actuator.gear)<=1e-9);
+  const outputLabel=isMotor?(actuator.jointType===3?'输出力矩':'输出力'):isPosition?(actuator.jointType===3?'目标角度':'目标位置'):'控制输入';
+  const forceUnit=actuator.jointType===3?'N·m':actuator.jointType===2?'N':'',jointForceA=actuator.forceMin*actuator.gear,jointForceB=actuator.forceMax*actuator.gear,jointForceMin=Math.min(jointForceA,jointForceB),jointForceMax=Math.max(jointForceA,jointForceB);
+  const update=(patch:Partial<ActuatorParameters>)=>onParameters({...actuator,...patch}),controlLabel=isPosition?(actuator.jointType===3?'角度':'位置'):'控制',gearSquared=actuator.gear*actuator.gear;
+  return <div className="mb-3 rounded-lg border border-border bg-surface p-2.5">
+    <div className="mb-2 flex min-w-0 items-start justify-between gap-2"><div className="min-w-0"><div className="truncate text-xs font-medium text-text-primary" title={actuator.name}>{actuator.name}</div><div className="mt-0.5 truncate text-[10px] text-text-tertiary">{actuator.jointName?`关节：${actuator.jointName}`:'未关联标量关节'}</div></div><Badge>{actuator.unit||'u'}</Badge></div>
+    {actuator.controlCount===1?<ControlSlider label={outputLabel} value={outputValue} min={outputMin} max={outputMax} disabled={outputDisabled} unit={actuator.unit?` ${actuator.unit}`:''} onChange={value=>{if(outputDisabled)return;onControl(isMotor?value/physicalScale:value/targetScale);}}/>:<p className="mb-2 text-[10px] leading-4 text-text-tertiary">该驱动器包含 {actuator.controlCount} 个控制分量，请在 MJCF 源码或专用控制器中设置。</p>}
+    {actuator.controlCount===1&&!actuator.ctrlLimited&&<div className="mb-2"><ParameterInput label={`${controlLabel}输入（不限幅）`} value={actuator.value*targetScale} onCommit={value=>onControl(value/targetScale)}/></div>}
+    {editable?<details className="group border-t border-border pt-2"><summary className="cursor-pointer select-none text-xs font-medium text-text-secondary hover:text-text-primary">常用参数</summary>
+      <div className="mt-2 grid grid-cols-2 gap-2">{isPosition?<><ParameterInput label={`位置增益 kp（${forceUnit}/${actuator.jointType===3?'rad':'m'}）`} value={actuator.kp*gearSquared} disabled={gearSquared<=1e-18} onCommit={kp=>update({kp:kp/gearSquared})}/><ParameterInput label={`速度增益 kv（${forceUnit}·s/${actuator.jointType===3?'rad':'m'}）`} value={actuator.kv*gearSquared} disabled={gearSquared<=1e-18} onCommit={kv=>update({kv:kv/gearSquared})}/></>:<><ParameterInput label={`kp（MJCF stiffness，${forceUnit}/${actuator.jointType===3?'rad':'m'}）`} value={actuator.kp} onCommit={kp=>update({kp})}/><ParameterInput label={`kv（MJCF damping，${forceUnit}·s/${actuator.jointType===3?'rad':'m'}）`} value={actuator.kv} onCommit={kv=>update({kv})}/></>}</div>
+      <ParameterToggle label={`限制输出${actuator.jointType===3?'力矩':'力'}${forceUnit?`（${forceUnit}）`:''}`} checked={actuator.forceLimited} onChange={forceLimited=>update({forceLimited})}/>
+      <div className="mt-2 grid grid-cols-2 gap-2"><ParameterInput label="输出下限" value={jointForceMin} disabled={!actuator.forceLimited||Math.abs(actuator.gear)<=1e-9} onCommit={value=>update(actuator.gear>=0?{forceMin:value/actuator.gear}:{forceMax:value/actuator.gear})}/><ParameterInput label="输出上限" value={jointForceMax} disabled={!actuator.forceLimited||Math.abs(actuator.gear)<=1e-9} onCommit={value=>update(actuator.gear>=0?{forceMax:value/actuator.gear}:{forceMin:value/actuator.gear})}/></div>
+      <p className="mt-2 text-[10px] leading-4 text-text-tertiary">{isPosition?'position 伺服使用 kp 跟踪目标位置，kv 提供速度阻尼。':'motor 保持力/力矩控制且控制输入不限幅。MJCF 的 motor 没有 kp/kv 属性；这里的 kp、kv 会分别保存为对应 joint 的 stiffness、damping。'} 参数修改会立即作用于当前模型，并可随 MJCF 导出。</p>
+    </details>:<p className="border-t border-border pt-2 text-[10px] leading-4 text-text-tertiary">该驱动器不是可直接编辑的 motor/position 类型，控制值按模型原始单位显示；请在 MJCF 源码中修改专用参数。</p>}
+  </div>;
+}
+function ParameterInput({label,value,onCommit,disabled=false}:{label:string;value:number;onCommit:(value:number)=>void;disabled?:boolean}){return <label className="block text-[10px] text-text-tertiary"><span className="mb-1 block truncate">{label}</span><input key={value} type="number" step="any" defaultValue={Number.isFinite(value)?value:0} disabled={disabled} className="field h-7 w-full px-2 text-xs text-text-primary disabled:opacity-40" onBlur={event=>{const next=Number(event.currentTarget.value);if(Number.isFinite(next)&&next!==value)onCommit(next);else event.currentTarget.value=String(value);}} onKeyDown={event=>{if(event.key==='Enter')event.currentTarget.blur();}}/></label>;}
+function ParameterToggle({label,checked,onChange}:{label:string;checked:boolean;onChange:(value:boolean)=>void}){return <label className="mt-2 flex items-center gap-2 text-[11px] text-text-secondary"><input type="checkbox" className="accent-accent" checked={checked} onChange={event=>onChange(event.target.checked)}/>{label}</label>;}
 function Check({label,checked,onChange}:{label:string;checked:boolean;onChange:(value:boolean)=>void}){return <label className="mt-3 flex items-center gap-2 text-xs text-text-secondary"><input type="checkbox" className="rounded accent-accent focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-accent/40 focus-visible:ring-offset-1 focus-visible:ring-offset-panel" checked={checked} onChange={event=>onChange(event.target.checked)}/>{label}</label>;}
 function ControlSlider({label,value,min,max,onChange,disabled=false,unit='',advanced=false,limited=false,limitsIgnored=false,limitMin=0,limitMax=0}:{label:string;value:number;min:number;max:number;onChange:(value:number)=>void;disabled?:boolean;unit?:string;advanced?:boolean;limited?:boolean;limitsIgnored?:boolean;limitMin?:number;limitMax?:number}){const sane=Number.isFinite(value)?value:0,format=(number:number)=>`${number.toFixed(3)}${unit}`;return <label className="mb-3 block text-xs"><span className="mb-1 flex justify-between gap-2"><span className="truncate text-text-secondary">{label}</span><output className="technical-value text-text-primary">{format(sane)}</output></span><input className="control-slider rounded focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-accent/40 focus-visible:ring-offset-2 focus-visible:ring-offset-panel" type="range" disabled={disabled} value={Math.min(max,Math.max(min,sane))} min={min} max={max} step={(max-min)/500||.001} onChange={event=>onChange(Number(event.target.value))}/>{advanced&&<span className="mt-1 flex justify-between text-[10px] text-text-tertiary"><span>下限 {limited?format(limitMin):'无限制'}</span>{limitsIgnored&&limited&&<span className="text-warning">已忽略</span>}<span>上限 {limited?format(limitMax):'无限制'}</span></span>}</label>;}
diff --git a/wasm/web_platform/src/app/components/UrdfImportOptionsDialog.test.tsx b/wasm/web_platform/src/app/components/UrdfImportOptionsDialog.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9435aded
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wasm/web_platform/src/app/components/UrdfImportOptionsDialog.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import {fireEvent,render,screen} from '@testing-library/react';
+import {UrdfImportOptionsDialog} from './UrdfImportOptionsDialog';
+
+describe('UrdfImportOptionsDialog',()=>{
+  it('默认选择关节驱动器和摄像头传感器',()=>{
+    const onConfirm=vi.fn();
+    render(<UrdfImportOptionsDialog open path="robot.urdf" mountBodies={['base','head_link']} onConfirm={onConfirm} onSkip={()=>{}}/>);
+    expect(screen.getByRole('checkbox',{name:/为关节添加驱动器/})).toBeChecked();
+    expect(screen.getByRole('checkbox',{name:/添加传感器/})).toBeChecked();
+    expect(screen.getByLabelText('摄像头固连 Body')).toHaveValue('head_link');
+    fireEvent.change(screen.getByLabelText('摄像头位置 X'),{target:{value:'0.2'}});
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button',{name:'转换并加载'}));
+    expect(onConfirm).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({addActuators:true,addSensors:true,sensorType:'camera',cameraMountBody:'head_link',cameraPosition:[.2,0,.05],cameraDirection:'+X'}));
+  });
+
+  it('允许分别关闭自动生成项',()=>{
+    const onConfirm=vi.fn();
+    render(<UrdfImportOptionsDialog open path="robot.urdf" onConfirm={onConfirm} onSkip={()=>{}}/>);
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('checkbox',{name:/为关节添加驱动器/}));
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('checkbox',{name:/添加传感器/}));
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button',{name:'转换并加载'}));
+    expect(onConfirm).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({addActuators:false,addSensors:false,sensorType:'camera'}));
+  });
+
+  it('可以不添加组件并继续加载',()=>{
+    const onSkip=vi.fn();
+    render(<UrdfImportOptionsDialog open path="robot.urdf" onConfirm={()=>{}} onSkip={onSkip}/>);
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button',{name:'不添加，直接加载'}));
+    expect(onSkip).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+  });
+});
diff --git a/wasm/web_platform/src/app/components/UrdfImportOptionsDialog.tsx b/wasm/web_platform/src/app/components/UrdfImportOptionsDialog.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1e201faf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wasm/web_platform/src/app/components/UrdfImportOptionsDialog.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import {useState,type ReactNode} from 'react';
+import {Camera,Settings2} from 'lucide-react';
+import type {CameraDirection,UrdfEnhancementOptions} from '../../project/urdfToMjcf';
+import {Button,Dialog,Select} from '../../components/ui';
+
+function OptionCard({checked,onChange,icon,title,description,children}:{checked:boolean;onChange:(checked:boolean)=>void;icon:ReactNode;title:string;description:string;children?:ReactNode}){
+  return <label className={`flex cursor-pointer gap-3 rounded-lg border p-3 transition-colors ${checked?'border-accent/60 bg-accent/10':'border-border bg-surface hover:bg-element-hover'}`}>
+    <input className="mt-0.5 h-4 w-4 accent-accent" type="checkbox" checked={checked} onChange={event=>onChange(event.target.checked)}/>
+    <span className="mt-0.5 text-text-secondary" aria-hidden="true">{icon}</span>
+    <span className="min-w-0 flex-1"><span className="block text-sm font-medium text-text-primary">{title}</span><span className="mt-1 block text-xs leading-5 text-text-secondary">{description}</span>{children}</span>
+  </label>;
+}
+
+export function UrdfImportOptionsDialog({open,path,mountBodies=[],onConfirm,onSkip}:{open:boolean;path?:string;mountBodies?:string[];onConfirm:(options:UrdfEnhancementOptions)=>void;onSkip:()=>void}){
+  const [options,setOptions]=useState<UrdfEnhancementOptions>(()=>({addActuators:true,addSensors:true,sensorType:'camera',cameraMountBody:mountBodies.find(name=>/(head|camera|sensor|neck|头)/i.test(name))??mountBodies.at(-1),cameraPosition:[.1,0,.05],cameraDirection:'+X'}));
+  const setPosition=(axis:number,value:number)=>setOptions(current=>{const position:[number,number,number]=[...(current.cameraPosition??[.1,0,.05])];position[axis]=Number.isFinite(value)?value:0;return {...current,cameraPosition:position};});
+  return <Dialog open={open} onClose={onSkip} closable={false} title="配置 URDF 仿真组件" className="max-w-xl" footer={<div className="flex justify-end gap-2"><Button onClick={onSkip}>不添加，直接加载</Button><Button variant="primary" onClick={()=>onConfirm(options)}>转换并加载</Button></div>}>
+    <p className="text-sm text-text-secondary">导入 <strong className="text-text-primary">{path}</strong> 后，是否自动补充以下仿真组件？稍后重新选择该 URDF 时仍会再次询问。</p>
+    <div className="mt-4 space-y-3">
+      <OptionCard checked={options.addActuators} onChange={addActuators=>setOptions(value=>({...value,addActuators}))} icon={<Settings2 className="h-4 w-4"/>} title="为关节添加驱动器" description="为每个 hinge/slide 关节生成控制输入不限幅的 motor 驱动器；hinge 使用 N·m、slide 使用 N。kp/kv 用于调整对应 MJCF 关节的刚度和阻尼，已有驱动器不会重复添加。"/>
+      <OptionCard checked={options.addSensors} onChange={addSensors=>setOptions(value=>({...value,addSensors}))} icon={<Camera className="h-4 w-4"/>} title="添加传感器" description="添加一台 640×480 固定摄像头，默认优先固连到名称含 head/camera/neck 的机器人 body。"/>
+      {options.addSensors&&<div className="rounded-lg border border-border bg-surface p-3"><div className="mb-2 text-xs font-medium text-text-primary">摄像头安装参数</div><label className="block text-[11px] text-text-secondary"><span className="mb-1 block">固连 Body</span><Select aria-label="摄像头固连 Body" className="w-full" value={options.cameraMountBody??''} onChange={event=>setOptions(value=>({...value,cameraMountBody:event.target.value||undefined}))}>{mountBodies.length?mountBodies.map(name=><option key={name} value={name}>{name}</option>):<option value="">自动选择头部/末端 Body</option>}</Select></label><div className="mt-3 grid grid-cols-3 gap-2">{(['X','Y','Z'] as const).map((axis,index)=><label key={axis} className="text-[11px] text-text-secondary"><span className="mb-1 block">位置 {axis}（m）</span><input aria-label={`摄像头位置 ${axis}`} className="field h-8 w-full px-2 text-xs" type="number" step="0.01" value={(options.cameraPosition??[.1,0,.05])[index]} onChange={event=>setPosition(index,Number(event.target.value))}/></label>)}</div><label className="mt-3 block text-[11px] text-text-secondary"><span className="mb-1 block">镜头朝向（Body 局部轴）</span><Select aria-label="摄像头朝向" className="w-full" value={options.cameraDirection??'+X'} onChange={event=>setOptions(value=>({...value,cameraDirection:event.target.value as CameraDirection}))}>{(['+X','-X','+Y','-Y','+Z','-Z'] as CameraDirection[]).map(direction=><option key={direction}>{direction}</option>)}</Select></label><p className="mt-2 text-[10px] leading-4 text-text-tertiary">位置和朝向均相对于所选 Body；常见 ROS 头部摄像头使用 +X 朝前、+Z 朝上。</p></div>}
+    </div>
+    <p className="mt-4 text-xs text-text-tertiary">自动组件只写入浏览器内生成的 MJCF，不会修改本地 URDF 文件；使用“原生 URDF”加载模式时不会注入这些组件。</p>
+  </Dialog>;
+}
diff --git a/wasm/web_platform/src/project/urdfToMjcf.test.ts b/wasm/web_platform/src/project/urdfToMjcf.test.ts
index 0aa4263f..4e9b4cc9 100644
--- a/wasm/web_platform/src/project/urdfToMjcf.test.ts
+++ b/wasm/web_platform/src/project/urdfToMjcf.test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import {groundConvertedMjcf} from './urdfToMjcf';
+import {enhanceConvertedMjcf,groundConvertedMjcf} from './urdfToMjcf';
 
 const encode=(value:string)=>new TextEncoder().encode(value);
 const decode=(value:Uint8Array)=>new TextDecoder().decode(value);
@@ -20,3 +20,41 @@ describe('groundConvertedMjcf',()=>{
     expect(document.querySelector('body[name="robot"]')?.getAttribute('pos')).toBe('0 0 1');
   });
 });
+
+describe('enhanceConvertedMjcf',()=>{
+  it('为可驱动关节补充 motor，并跳过已有驱动器和 ball joint',()=>{
+    const source='<mujoco><worldbody><body name="robot"><joint name="shoulder" type="hinge"/><body><joint name="slider" type="slide"/><joint name="ball" type="ball"/><joint name="parent_driven"/></body></body></worldbody><actuator><position name="existing" joint="shoulder"/><motor name="parent_motor" jointinparent="parent_driven"/></actuator></mujoco>';
+    const result=enhanceConvertedMjcf(encode(source),{addActuators:true,addSensors:false,sensorType:'camera'});
+    const document=new DOMParser().parseFromString(decode(result.data),'application/xml');
+    expect(result.actuatorCount).toBe(1);
+    expect(document.querySelector('motor[joint="slider"]')?.getAttribute('ctrllimited')).toBe('false');
+    expect(document.querySelector('motor[joint="slider"]')?.hasAttribute('ctrlrange')).toBe(false);
+    expect(document.querySelector('motor[joint="slider"]')?.getAttribute('name')).toBe('slider_motor');
+    expect(document.querySelector('motor[joint="slider"]')?.getAttribute('forcerange')).toBe('-100 100');
+    expect(document.querySelector('joint[name="slider"]')?.getAttribute('stiffness')).toBe('0');
+    expect(document.querySelector('joint[name="slider"]')?.getAttribute('damping')).toBe('0');
+    expect(document.querySelectorAll('[joint="shoulder"]')).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(document.querySelectorAll('[jointinparent="parent_driven"], [joint="parent_driven"]')).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(document.querySelector('[joint="ball"]')).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it('将可调摄像头固连到指定机器人 body',()=>{
+    const result=enhanceConvertedMjcf(encode('<mujoco><worldbody><body name="base"><body name="head"/></body></worldbody></mujoco>'),{addActuators:false,addSensors:true,sensorType:'camera',cameraMountBody:'head',cameraPosition:[.2,0,.1],cameraDirection:'+X'});
+    const document=new DOMParser().parseFromString(decode(result.data),'application/xml');
+    const camera=document.querySelector('body[name="head"] > camera');
+    expect(result.cameraAdded).toBe(true);
+    expect(camera?.getAttribute('mode')).toBe('fixed');
+    expect(camera?.getAttribute('pos')).toBe('0.2 0 0.1');
+    expect(camera?.getAttribute('xyaxes')).toBe('0 -1 0 0 0 1');
+    expect(camera?.getAttribute('resolution')).toBe('640 480');
+    const repeated=enhanceConvertedMjcf(result.data,{addActuators:false,addSensors:true,sensorType:'camera'});
+    expect(new DOMParser().parseFromString(decode(repeated.data),'application/xml').querySelectorAll('camera')).toHaveLength(1);
+  });
+
+  it('关闭选项时不修改 actuator 和 camera',()=>{
+    const result=enhanceConvertedMjcf(encode('<mujoco><worldbody><body name="robot"><joint name="joint"/></body></worldbody></mujoco>'),{addActuators:false,addSensors:false,sensorType:'camera'});
+    const document=new DOMParser().parseFromString(decode(result.data),'application/xml');
+    expect(document.querySelector('actuator')).toBeNull();
+    expect(document.querySelector('camera')).toBeNull();
+  });
+});
diff --git a/wasm/web_platform/src/project/urdfToMjcf.ts b/wasm/web_platform/src/project/urdfToMjcf.ts
index 1c36fafa..ee451350 100644
--- a/wasm/web_platform/src/project/urdfToMjcf.ts
+++ b/wasm/web_platform/src/project/urdfToMjcf.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,53 @@ function numbers(value:string|undefined,count:number):number[]{
 }
 
 export type UrdfBaseMode='floating'|'fixed';
+export type CameraDirection='+X'|'-X'|'+Y'|'-Y'|'+Z'|'-Z';
+export interface UrdfEnhancementOptions {addActuators:boolean;addSensors:boolean;sensorType:'camera';cameraMountBody?:string;cameraPosition?:[number,number,number];cameraDirection?:CameraDirection;}
+export interface UrdfEnhancementResult {data:Uint8Array;actuatorCount:number;cameraAdded:boolean;}
+
+function uniqueName(document:Document,selector:string,base:string):string {
+  const occupied=new Set(Array.from(document.querySelectorAll(selector)).map(element=>element.getAttribute('name')).filter(Boolean));
+  if(!occupied.has(base))return base;
+  for(let index=2;;index+=1)if(!occupied.has(`${base}_${index}`))return `${base}_${index}`;
+}
+
+/** 为转换后的 MJCF 按需补充可直接控制的关节电机和一台自动取景相机。 */
+export function enhanceConvertedMjcf(data:Uint8Array,options:UrdfEnhancementOptions):UrdfEnhancementResult {
+  const document=new DOMParser().parseFromString(decoder.decode(data),'application/xml');
+  if(document.querySelector('parsererror'))throw new Error('MuJoCo 导出的 MJCF XML 无法解析');
+  const root=document.querySelector('mujoco'),worldbody=document.querySelector('mujoco > worldbody');
+  if(!root||!worldbody)throw new Error('MuJoCo 导出的 MJCF 缺少 worldbody');
+  let actuatorCount=0;
+  if(options.addActuators){
+    let actuator=Array.from(root.children).find(element=>element.tagName==='actuator');
+    if(!actuator){actuator=document.createElement('actuator');root.append(actuator);}
+    const driven=new Set(Array.from(actuator.children).flatMap(element=>[element.getAttribute('joint'),element.getAttribute('jointinparent')]).filter(Boolean));
+    for(const joint of Array.from(worldbody.querySelectorAll('joint'))){
+      const type=joint.getAttribute('type')??'hinge';
+      if(type!=='hinge'&&type!=='slide')continue;
+      let jointName=joint.getAttribute('name');
+      if(!jointName){jointName=uniqueName(document,'joint[name]','__platform_joint__');joint.setAttribute('name',jointName);}
+      if(driven.has(jointName))continue;
+      const motor=document.createElement('motor');
+      motor.setAttribute('name',uniqueName(document,'actuator > *[name]',`${jointName}_motor`));
+      motor.setAttribute('joint',jointName);motor.setAttribute('ctrllimited','false');motor.setAttribute('forcelimited','true');motor.setAttribute('forcerange','-100 100');
+      if(!joint.hasAttribute('stiffness'))joint.setAttribute('stiffness','0');if(!joint.hasAttribute('damping'))joint.setAttribute('damping','0');
+      actuator.append(motor);driven.add(jointName);actuatorCount+=1;
+    }
+    if(!actuator.children.length)actuator.remove();
+  }
+  let cameraAdded=false;
+  if(options.addSensors&&options.sensorType==='camera'&&!document.querySelector('camera[name^="__platform_camera__"]')){
+    const bodies=Array.from(worldbody.querySelectorAll('body')),preferred=options.cameraMountBody?bodies.find(body=>body.getAttribute('name')===options.cameraMountBody):undefined;
+    const mount=preferred??bodies.find(body=>/(head|camera|sensor|neck|头)/i.test(body.getAttribute('name')??''))??bodies.at(-1);
+    if(mount){
+      const directions:Record<CameraDirection,string>={'+X':'0 -1 0 0 0 1','-X':'0 1 0 0 0 1','+Y':'1 0 0 0 0 1','-Y':'-1 0 0 0 0 1','+Z':'0 1 0 1 0 0','-Z':'0 -1 0 1 0 0'},position=options.cameraPosition??[.1,0,.05],direction=options.cameraDirection??'+X';
+      const camera=document.createElement('camera');camera.setAttribute('name',uniqueName(document,'camera[name]','__platform_camera__'));camera.setAttribute('mode','fixed');
+      camera.setAttribute('pos',position.map(value=>Number.isFinite(value)?value:0).join(' '));camera.setAttribute('xyaxes',directions[direction]);camera.setAttribute('fovy','45');camera.setAttribute('resolution','640 480');mount.append(camera);cameraAdded=true;
+    }
+  }
+  return {data:encoder.encode(new XMLSerializer().serializeToString(document)),actuatorCount,cameraAdded};
+}
 
 /** 给 MuJoCo 从 URDF 导出的 MJCF 添加地面、设置基座类型，并整体抬升根 body。 */
 export function groundConvertedMjcf(data:Uint8Array,minimumZ:number,baseMode:UrdfBaseMode='fixed'):Uint8Array {
diff --git a/wasm/web_platform/src/simulation/PhysicsAdapter.ts b/wasm/web_platform/src/simulation/PhysicsAdapter.ts
index d3af53e9..eb3ddb89 100644
--- a/wasm/web_platform/src/simulation/PhysicsAdapter.ts
+++ b/wasm/web_platform/src/simulation/PhysicsAdapter.ts
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 import loadMujoco, {type MainModule} from '@mujoco/mujoco';
 import type {ProjectFile,ProjectManifest} from '../project/types';
 import {prepareProjectForMujoco} from '../project/importer';
-import {groundConvertedMjcf,type UrdfBaseMode} from '../project/urdfToMjcf';
+import {enhanceConvertedMjcf,groundConvertedMjcf,type UrdfBaseMode,type UrdfEnhancementOptions} from '../project/urdfToMjcf';
 import {MemfsWorkspace} from '../project/workspace';
-import {SimulationSession, type FrameResult, type SimulationSnapshot} from './SimulationSession';
+import {SimulationSession,type ActuatorParameters,type FrameResult,type SimulationSnapshot} from './SimulationSession';
 
 export type UrdfLoadMode='mjcf'|'native';
-export type {UrdfBaseMode};
+export type {UrdfBaseMode,UrdfEnhancementOptions};
 
 export interface PhysicsAdapter {
-  load(manifest:ProjectManifest,entryPath:string,urdfMode?:UrdfLoadMode,baseMode?:UrdfBaseMode):Promise<SimulationSnapshot>;
+  load(manifest:ProjectManifest,entryPath:string,urdfMode?:UrdfLoadMode,baseMode?:UrdfBaseMode,enhancements?:UrdfEnhancementOptions):Promise<SimulationSnapshot>;
   advance(now: number): FrameResult;
   snapshot(): SimulationSnapshot | null;
   setPaused(paused: boolean): void;
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ export interface PhysicsAdapter {
   reset(): void;
   singleStep(): void;
   setActuator(id: number, value: number): void;
+  setActuatorParameters(id:number,parameters:ActuatorParameters):boolean;
   setJointPosition(id:number,value:number):boolean;
   resetJoints():void;
   setIgnoreJointLimits(ignore:boolean):void;
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ export class MainThreadPhysicsAdapter implements PhysicsAdapter {
   workspace: MemfsWorkspace | null = null;
   private supportFiles:ProjectFile[]=[];
 
-  async load(manifest:ProjectManifest,entryPath:string,urdfMode:UrdfLoadMode='mjcf',baseMode:UrdfBaseMode='floating'):Promise<SimulationSnapshot> {
+  async load(manifest:ProjectManifest,entryPath:string,urdfMode:UrdfLoadMode='mjcf',baseMode:UrdfBaseMode='floating',enhancements:UrdfEnhancementOptions={addActuators:false,addSensors:false,sensorType:'camera'}):Promise<SimulationSnapshot> {
     this.releaseCurrent();const module=await getMujocoModule();const workspace=new MemfsWorkspace(module,manifest.id);const prepared=prepareProjectForMujoco(manifest,entryPath);
     this.supportFiles=prepared.manifest.files.filter(file=>!manifest.files.some(original=>original.path===file.path));
     try{
@@ -55,8 +56,12 @@ export class MainThreadPhysicsAdapter implements PhysicsAdapter {
         try{
           const minimumZ=intermediate.minimumGeometryZ();const slash=entryPath.lastIndexOf('/');const directory=slash>=0?entryPath.slice(0,slash+1):'';const convertedPath=`${directory}.__mujoco_converted_${manifest.id.replace(/[^a-zA-Z0-9_-]/g,'_')}.xml`;
           if(module.mj_saveLastXML(workspace.path(convertedPath),intermediate.model)===0)throw new Error('MuJoCo 无法导出中间 MJCF');
-          workspace.writeGenerated(convertedPath,groundConvertedMjcf(new TextEncoder().encode(workspace.readText(convertedPath)),minimumZ,baseMode));modelPath=workspace.path(convertedPath);
+          const grounded=groundConvertedMjcf(new TextEncoder().encode(workspace.readText(convertedPath)),minimumZ,baseMode);
+          const enhanced=enhanceConvertedMjcf(grounded,enhancements);
+          workspace.writeGenerated(convertedPath,enhanced.data);modelPath=workspace.path(convertedPath);
           warnings.push(`URDF 已转换为 MJCF（${baseMode==='floating'?'浮动基座':'固定基座'}），并整体平移 ${(-minimumZ).toFixed(4)} m，使最低点接触 z=0 地面`);
+          if(enhanced.actuatorCount)warnings.push(`已为 ${enhanced.actuatorCount} 个 hinge/slide 关节生成 motor 驱动器（控制输入不限幅；hinge 输出单位 N·m，slide 输出单位 N）`);
+          if(enhanced.cameraAdded)warnings.push(`已将 640×480 摄像头固连到 ${enhancements.cameraMountBody||'自动选择的头部/末端 body'}，局部位置 ${(enhancements.cameraPosition??[.1,0,.05]).join(' ')} m，朝向 ${enhancements.cameraDirection??'+X'}`);
         }finally{intermediate.dispose();}
       }
       console.info('[MuJoCo] 编译模型',modelPath);const session=new SimulationSession(module,modelPath,warnings);
@@ -72,6 +77,7 @@ export class MainThreadPhysicsAdapter implements PhysicsAdapter {
   reset():void{this.session?.reset();}
   singleStep():void{this.session?.singleStep();}
   setActuator(id:number,value:number):void{this.session?.setActuator(id,value);}
+  setActuatorParameters(id:number,parameters:ActuatorParameters):boolean{return this.session?.setActuatorParameters(id,parameters)??false;}
   setJointPosition(id:number,value:number):boolean{return this.session?.setJointPosition(id,value)??false;}
   resetJoints():void {this.session?.resetJoints();}
   setIgnoreJointLimits(ignore:boolean):void {this.session?.setIgnoreJointLimits(ignore);}
@@ -82,8 +88,12 @@ export class MainThreadPhysicsAdapter implements PhysicsAdapter {
     if(!this.session||!this.workspace)throw new Error('尚未加载可导出的模型');
     const relative='.__platform_export__.xml';
     if(this.session.module.mj_saveLastXML(this.workspace.path(relative),this.session.model)===0)throw new Error('MuJoCo 无法生成 MJCF');
-    this.workspace.writeGenerated(relative,new TextEncoder().encode(this.workspace.readText(relative)));
-    return new TextEncoder().encode(this.workspace.readText(relative));
+    const source=this.workspace.readText(relative),document=new DOMParser().parseFromString(source,'application/xml'),actuatorSection=document.querySelector('mujoco > actuator');
+    if(document.querySelector('parsererror'))return new TextEncoder().encode(source);
+    const snapshot=this.session.snapshot();
+    if(actuatorSection){for(const info of snapshot.actuators){const element=Array.from(actuatorSection.children).find(candidate=>candidate.getAttribute('name')===info.name);if(!element)continue;element.setAttribute('ctrllimited',info.ctrlLimited?'true':'false');element.setAttribute('forcelimited',info.forceLimited?'true':'false');}}
+    for(const info of snapshot.actuators){if(info.kind!=='motor'||!info.jointName)continue;const joint=Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('worldbody joint[name]')).find(candidate=>candidate.getAttribute('name')===info.jointName);if(joint){joint.setAttribute('stiffness',String(info.kp));joint.setAttribute('damping',String(info.kv));}}
+    const output=new TextEncoder().encode(new XMLSerializer().serializeToString(document));this.workspace.writeGenerated(relative,output);return output;
   }
   private releaseCurrent():void{this.session?.dispose(); this.session=null; this.workspace?.dispose(); this.workspace=null;this.supportFiles=[];}
   dispose():void{this.releaseCurrent();}
diff --git a/wasm/web_platform/src/simulation/SimulationSession.ts b/wasm/web_platform/src/simulation/SimulationSession.ts
index 22db18ae..7e8715a3 100644
--- a/wasm/web_platform/src/simulation/SimulationSession.ts
+++ b/wasm/web_platform/src/simulation/SimulationSession.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 import type {MainModule, MjData, MjModel, MjvPerturb, MjvScene} from '@mujoco/mujoco';
 import {meshIdFromSceneDataId} from './geometry';
 
-export interface ActuatorInfo {id: number; name: string; value: number; min: number; max: number; limited: boolean;}
+export interface ActuatorParameters {gear:number;gain:number;kp:number;kv:number;ctrlLimited:boolean;ctrlMin:number;ctrlMax:number;forceLimited:boolean;forceMin:number;forceMax:number;}
+export interface ActuatorInfo extends ActuatorParameters {id:number;name:string;value:number;min:number;max:number;limited:boolean;jointId?:number;jointName?:string;jointType?:number;unit:string;kind:'motor'|'position'|'velocity'|'other';controlCount:number;}
 export interface JointInfo {id:number;name:string;type:number;value:number;min:number;max:number;limitMin:number;limitMax:number;limited:boolean;limitsIgnored:boolean;editable:boolean;bodyId:number;axis:[number,number,number];}
 export interface BodyInfo {id:number;name:string;parentId:number;}
-export interface SimulationSnapshot {time: number; qpos: number[]; qvel: number[]; ctrl: number[]; actuators: ActuatorInfo[]; joints: JointInfo[]; bodies: BodyInfo[]; warnings: string[]; model: {nbody: number; njnt: number; ngeom: number; nu: number; nq: number; nv: number};}
+export interface SimulationSnapshot {time: number; qpos: number[]; qvel: number[]; ctrl: number[]; actuators: ActuatorInfo[]; joints: JointInfo[]; bodies: BodyInfo[]; warnings: string[]; model:{nbody:number;njnt:number;ngeom:number;ncam:number;nactuator:number;nu:number;nq:number;nv:number};}
 export interface FrameResult {steps: number; stepMs: number; overBudget: boolean;}
 
 export class SimulationSession {
@@ -56,19 +57,38 @@ export class SimulationSession {
   }
 
   setActuator(id: number, value: number): void {
-    if (id < 0 || id >= this.model.nu) return;
+    if (id < 0 || id >= this.model.nactuator) return;
     const actuator = this.model.actuator(id);
     try {
+      const address=Number(this.model.actuator_ctrladr[id]??id),nextAddress=id+1<this.model.nactuator?Number(this.model.actuator_ctrladr[id+1]):this.model.nu;if(nextAddress-address!==1)return;
       const limited = Boolean(actuator.ctrllimited);
-      const min = limited ? Number(actuator.ctrlrange[0]) : -1;
-      const max = limited ? Number(actuator.ctrlrange[1]) : 1;
-      const address = Number(this.model.actuator_ctrladr[id] ?? id);
+      const min = limited ? Number(actuator.ctrlrange[0]) : Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY;
+      const max = limited ? Number(actuator.ctrlrange[1]) : Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
       this.data.ctrl[address] = Math.min(max, Math.max(min, value));
     } finally {
       actuator.delete();
     }
   }
 
+  setActuatorParameters(id:number,parameters:ActuatorParameters):boolean {
+    if(id<0||id>=this.model.nactuator)return false;
+    const finite=(value:number,fallback:number)=>Number.isFinite(value)?value:fallback;
+    const ordered=(a:number,b:number,fallbackA:number,fallbackB:number):[number,number]=>{const first=finite(a,fallbackA),second=finite(b,fallbackB),lower=Math.min(first,second),upper=Math.max(first,second);return upper-lower>=1e-9?[lower,upper]:[lower,lower+1e-6];};
+    const actuator=this.model.actuator(id);
+    try{
+      const address=Number(this.model.actuator_ctrladr[id]??id),nextAddress=id+1<this.model.nactuator?Number(this.model.actuator_ctrladr[id+1]):this.model.nu;
+      const scalarJoint=nextAddress-address===1&&(Number(actuator.trntype)===0||Number(actuator.trntype)===1)&&Number(actuator.trnid[0])>=0,plainDynamics=Number(actuator.gaintype)===0&&Number(actuator.dyntype)===0;
+      const motorLike=scalarJoint&&plainDynamics&&Number(actuator.biastype)===0,positionLike=scalarJoint&&plainDynamics&&Number(actuator.biastype)===1&&Math.abs(Number(actuator.biasprm[1])+Number(actuator.gainprm[0]))<1e-6;if(!motorLike&&!positionLike)return false;
+      const [ctrlMin,ctrlMax]=ordered(parameters.ctrlMin,parameters.ctrlMax,-1,1),[forceMin,forceMax]=ordered(parameters.forceMin,parameters.forceMax,-100,100);
+      actuator.gear[0]=finite(parameters.gear,1);
+      if(positionLike){const kp=Math.max(0,finite(parameters.kp,100)),kv=Math.max(0,finite(parameters.kv,10));actuator.gainprm[0]=kp;actuator.biasprm[1]=-kp;actuator.biasprm[2]=-kv;}else{actuator.gainprm[0]=finite(parameters.gain,1);const jointId=Number(actuator.trnid[0]);if(jointId>=0&&jointId<this.model.njnt){const joint=this.model.jnt(jointId);try{joint.stiffness=Math.max(0,finite(parameters.kp,0));joint.damping=Math.max(0,finite(parameters.kv,0));}finally{joint.delete();}}}
+      actuator.ctrllimited=parameters.ctrlLimited?1:0;actuator.ctrlrange[0]=ctrlMin;actuator.ctrlrange[1]=ctrlMax;
+      actuator.forcelimited=parameters.forceLimited?1:0;actuator.forcerange[0]=forceMin;actuator.forcerange[1]=forceMax;
+      if(parameters.ctrlLimited)this.data.ctrl[address]=Math.min(ctrlMax,Math.max(ctrlMin,Number(this.data.ctrl[address])));
+      this.module.mj_forward(this.model,this.data);return true;
+    }finally{actuator.delete();}
+  }
+
   setJointPosition(id:number,value:number):boolean {
     if(id<0||id>=this.model.njnt)return false;const joint=this.model.jnt(id);
     try{const type=Number(joint.type);if(type!==2&&type!==3)return false;const original=this.jointLimits[id];const next=!this.ignoreJointLimits&&original.limited?Math.min(original.max,Math.max(original.min,value)):value;this.setPaused(true);this.data.qpos[Number(joint.qposadr)]=next;this.module.mj_forward(this.model,this.data);return true;}finally{joint.delete();}
@@ -138,12 +158,17 @@ export class SimulationSession {
   }
 
   snapshot(): SimulationSnapshot {
-    const actuators = Array.from({length: this.model.nu}, (_, id): ActuatorInfo => {
+    const actuators = Array.from({length: this.model.nactuator}, (_, id): ActuatorInfo => {
       const actuator = this.model.actuator(id);
       try {
         const limited = Boolean(actuator.ctrllimited);
-        const address = Number(this.model.actuator_ctrladr[id] ?? id);
-        return {id,name:actuator.name || `actuator_${id}`,value:Number(this.data.ctrl[address]),min:limited?Number(actuator.ctrlrange[0]):-1,max:limited?Number(actuator.ctrlrange[1]):1,limited};
+        const address=Number(this.model.actuator_ctrladr[id]??id),nextAddress=id+1<this.model.nactuator?Number(this.model.actuator_ctrladr[id+1]):this.model.nu,controlCount=Math.max(1,nextAddress-address);
+        const jointId=(Number(actuator.trntype)===0||Number(actuator.trntype)===1)&&Number(actuator.trnid[0])>=0?Number(actuator.trnid[0]):undefined;
+        let jointName:string|undefined,jointType:number|undefined,jointStiffness=0,jointDamping=0;if(jointId!==undefined&&jointId<this.model.njnt){const joint=this.model.jnt(jointId);try{jointName=joint.name||`joint_${jointId}`;jointType=Number(joint.type);jointStiffness=Number(joint.stiffness);jointDamping=Number(joint.damping);}finally{joint.delete();}}
+        const ctrlMin=Number(actuator.ctrlrange[0]),ctrlMax=Number(actuator.ctrlrange[1]),forceLimited=Boolean(actuator.forcelimited);
+        const scalarJoint=controlCount===1&&jointId!==undefined,plainDynamics=Number(actuator.gaintype)===0&&Number(actuator.dyntype)===0,gain=Number(actuator.gainprm[0]),bias1=Number(actuator.biasprm[1]),bias2=Number(actuator.biasprm[2]);
+        const kind:ActuatorInfo['kind']=scalarJoint&&plainDynamics&&Number(actuator.biastype)===0?'motor':scalarJoint&&plainDynamics&&Number(actuator.biastype)===1&&Math.abs(bias1+gain)<1e-6?'position':scalarJoint&&plainDynamics&&Number(actuator.biastype)===1&&Math.abs(bias1)<1e-9&&Math.abs(bias2+gain)<1e-6?'velocity':'other';
+        return {id,name:actuator.name||`actuator_${id}`,value:Number(this.data.ctrl[address]),min:limited?ctrlMin:-100,max:limited?ctrlMax:100,limited,jointId,jointName,jointType,unit:kind==='motor'?(jointType===3?'N·m':jointType===2?'N':''):kind==='position'?(jointType===3?'°':jointType===2?'m':''):'',kind,controlCount,gear:Number(actuator.gear[0]),gain,kp:kind==='position'?gain:kind==='motor'?jointStiffness:0,kv:kind==='position'?Math.max(0,-bias2):kind==='velocity'?gain:kind==='motor'?jointDamping:0,ctrlLimited:limited,ctrlMin,ctrlMax,forceLimited,forceMin:Number(actuator.forcerange[0]),forceMax:Number(actuator.forcerange[1])};
       } finally {
         actuator.delete();
       }
@@ -163,7 +188,7 @@ export class SimulationSession {
       try {return {id,name:body.name||`body_${id}`,parentId:Number(this.model.body_parentid[id])};}
       finally { body.delete(); }
     });
-    return {time:Number(this.data.time),qpos:Array.from(this.data.qpos),qvel:Array.from(this.data.qvel),ctrl:Array.from(this.data.ctrl),actuators,joints,bodies,warnings:this.warnings,model:{nbody:this.model.nbody,njnt:this.model.njnt,ngeom:this.model.ngeom,nu:this.model.nu,nq:this.model.nq,nv:this.model.nv}};
+    return {time:Number(this.data.time),qpos:Array.from(this.data.qpos),qvel:Array.from(this.data.qvel),ctrl:Array.from(this.data.ctrl),actuators,joints,bodies,warnings:this.warnings,model:{nbody:this.model.nbody,njnt:this.model.njnt,ngeom:this.model.ngeom,ncam:this.model.ncam,nactuator:this.model.nactuator,nu:this.model.nu,nq:this.model.nq,nv:this.model.nv}};
   }
   dispose(): void {if(this.disposed)return; this.disposed=true; this.clearExternalForce(); this.perturb.delete(); this.data.delete(); this.model.delete();}
 }
diff --git a/wasm/web_platform/src/viewer/MuJoCoViewer.ts b/wasm/web_platform/src/viewer/MuJoCoViewer.ts
index dad37721..884ef4ba 100644
--- a/wasm/web_platform/src/viewer/MuJoCoViewer.ts
+++ b/wasm/web_platform/src/viewer/MuJoCoViewer.ts
@@ -17,11 +17,14 @@ class CapsuleGeometry extends THREE.BufferGeometry {
 export class MuJoCoViewer {
   readonly scene = new THREE.Scene();
   readonly camera = new THREE.PerspectiveCamera(45,1,.01,2_000);
+  private readonly sensorCamera=new THREE.PerspectiveCamera(45,16/9,.01,2_000);
   readonly renderer: THREE.WebGLRenderer;
   readonly controls: OrbitControls;
   mode: InteractionMode = 'select';
   forceScale = 50;
   private showCollision=false;
+  private showSensorCamera=true;
+  private sensorCameraId=-1;
   private session: SimulationSession | null = null;
   private option: MjvOption | null = null;
   private mjCamera: MjvCamera | null = null;
@@ -44,9 +47,10 @@ export class MuJoCoViewer {
     this.frame=requestAnimationFrame(this.animate);
   }
 
-  attach(session:SimulationSession|null):void {this.releaseModel(); this.session=session; if(!session)return; this.option=new session.module.MjvOption(); session.module.mjv_defaultOption(this.option);this.applyGeomVisibility(); this.mjCamera=new session.module.MjvCamera(); session.module.mjv_defaultCamera(this.mjCamera); this.mjScene=new session.module.MjvScene(session.model,32768); this.fitCamera(session);}
+  attach(session:SimulationSession|null):void {this.releaseModel(); this.session=session; if(!session)return; this.option=new session.module.MjvOption(); session.module.mjv_defaultOption(this.option);this.applyGeomVisibility(); this.mjCamera=new session.module.MjvCamera(); session.module.mjv_defaultCamera(this.mjCamera); this.mjScene=new session.module.MjvScene(session.model,32768);for(let id=0;id<session.model.ncam;id+=1){const camera=session.model.cam(id);try{if(this.sensorCameraId<0||camera.name.startsWith('__platform_camera__'))this.sensorCameraId=id;if(camera.name.startsWith('__platform_camera__'))break;}finally{camera.delete();}}this.fitCamera(session);}
   setMode(mode:InteractionMode):void {this.mode=mode; this.controls.enabled=mode==='select'; this.stopDrag();}
   setShowCollision(value:boolean):void {this.showCollision=value;this.applyGeomVisibility();}
+  setShowSensorCamera(value:boolean):void {this.showSensorCamera=value;}
   setTheme(theme:ViewerTheme):void {const light=theme==='light';const background=this.scene.background instanceof THREE.Color?this.scene.background:new THREE.Color(0x0b1220);this.scene.background=background;this.themeTransition={started:performance.now(),fromBackground:background.clone(),toBackground:new THREE.Color(light?0xf8fafc:0x0b1220),fromGround:this.hemisphere.groundColor.clone(),toGround:new THREE.Color(light?0xcbd5e1:0x223344)};const next=new THREE.GridHelper(20,40,light?0x64748b:0x3b82f6,light?0xcbd5e1:0x253047).rotateX(Math.PI/2);this.scene.remove(this.grid);this.grid.geometry.dispose();const materials=Array.isArray(this.grid.material)?this.grid.material:[this.grid.material];for(const material of materials)material.dispose();this.grid=next;this.scene.add(this.grid);this.orientationGizmo.setTheme(theme);}
   private updateThemeTransition(now:number):void {const transition=this.themeTransition;if(!transition)return;const progress=Math.min(1,Math.max(0,(now-transition.started)/420)),eased=1-Math.pow(1-progress,3);(this.scene.background as THREE.Color).copy(transition.fromBackground).lerp(transition.toBackground,eased);this.hemisphere.groundColor.copy(transition.fromGround).lerp(transition.toGround,eased);if(progress===1)this.themeTransition=undefined;}
   private applyGeomVisibility():void {if(!this.option||!this.session)return;let hasVisual=false;for(let index=0;index<this.session.model.ngeom;index+=1)if(Number(this.session.model.geom_group[index])===1){hasVisual=true;break;}this.option.geomgroup[0]=!hasVisual||this.showCollision?1:0;this.option.geomgroup[1]=1;this.option.geomgroup[5]=0;}
@@ -58,7 +62,10 @@ export class MuJoCoViewer {
   private fitCamera(session:SimulationSession):void {const {extent,center}=session.geometryBounds();this.controls.target.set(center[0],center[1],center[2]);this.camera.position.set(center[0]+extent*1.5,center[1]-extent*1.5,center[2]+extent);this.camera.near=Math.max(.001,extent/1000);this.camera.far=Math.max(100,extent*100);this.camera.updateProjectionMatrix();this.controls.update();}
   private resize():void {const w=Math.max(1,this.host.clientWidth),h=Math.max(1,this.host.clientHeight); this.renderer.setSize(w,h,false); this.camera.aspect=w/h; this.camera.updateProjectionMatrix();}
 
-  private animate=(now:number):void=>{try {const result=this.session?.advance(now)??{steps:0,stepMs:0,overBudget:false};this.updateThemeTransition(now); this.controls.update();this.orientationGizmo.update(this.camera); if(this.session){this.updateMuJoCoScene();this.updateJointMarker();} this.renderer.render(this.scene,this.camera); this.fpsFrames++; let fps=0;if(now-this.lastFpsAt>=500){fps=this.fpsFrames*1000/(now-this.lastFpsAt);this.fpsFrames=0;this.lastFpsAt=now;} const snapshot=this.session&&now-this.lastSnapshotAt>150?(this.lastSnapshotAt=now,this.session.snapshot()):undefined; this.callbacks.onFrame(result,fps,snapshot);}catch(error){this.callbacks.onError(error instanceof Error?error:new Error(String(error)));} this.frame=requestAnimationFrame(this.animate);};
+  private animate=(now:number):void=>{try {const result=this.session?.advance(now)??{steps:0,stepMs:0,overBudget:false};this.updateThemeTransition(now); this.controls.update();this.orientationGizmo.update(this.camera); if(this.session){this.updateMuJoCoScene();this.updateJointMarker();} this.renderer.setScissorTest(false);this.renderer.render(this.scene,this.camera);if(this.showSensorCamera&&this.updateSensorCamera())this.renderSensorCamera(); this.fpsFrames++; let fps=0;if(now-this.lastFpsAt>=500){fps=this.fpsFrames*1000/(now-this.lastFpsAt);this.fpsFrames=0;this.lastFpsAt=now;} const snapshot=this.session&&now-this.lastSnapshotAt>150?(this.lastSnapshotAt=now,this.session.snapshot()):undefined; this.callbacks.onFrame(result,fps,snapshot);}catch(error){this.callbacks.onError(error instanceof Error?error:new Error(String(error)));} this.frame=requestAnimationFrame(this.animate);};
+
+  private updateSensorCamera():boolean {if(!this.session||this.sensorCameraId<0||this.sensorCameraId>=this.session.model.ncam)return false;const id=this.sensorCameraId,p=id*3,m=id*9,data=this.session.data,model=this.session.model;this.sensorCamera.position.set(Number(data.cam_xpos[p]),Number(data.cam_xpos[p+1]),Number(data.cam_xpos[p+2]));const rotation=new THREE.Matrix4().set(Number(data.cam_xmat[m]),Number(data.cam_xmat[m+1]),Number(data.cam_xmat[m+2]),0,Number(data.cam_xmat[m+3]),Number(data.cam_xmat[m+4]),Number(data.cam_xmat[m+5]),0,Number(data.cam_xmat[m+6]),Number(data.cam_xmat[m+7]),Number(data.cam_xmat[m+8]),0,0,0,0,1);this.sensorCamera.quaternion.setFromRotationMatrix(rotation);this.sensorCamera.fov=Number(model.cam_fovy[id])||45;const extent=this.session.geometryBounds().extent;this.sensorCamera.near=Math.max(.001,extent/1000);this.sensorCamera.far=Math.max(100,extent*100);this.sensorCamera.updateProjectionMatrix();return true;}
+  private renderSensorCamera():void {const size=this.renderer.getSize(new THREE.Vector2()),width=Math.max(120,Math.min(320,size.x*.32)),height=width*9/16,margin=16;this.sensorCamera.aspect=width/height;this.sensorCamera.updateProjectionMatrix();this.renderer.setViewport(margin,margin,width,height);this.renderer.setScissor(margin,margin,width,height);this.renderer.setScissorTest(true);this.renderer.render(this.scene,this.sensorCamera);this.renderer.setScissorTest(false);this.renderer.setViewport(0,0,size.x,size.y);}
 
   private updateMuJoCoScene():void {const s=this.session!; s.module.mjv_updateScene(s.model,s.data,this.option!,s.perturb,this.mjCamera!,s.module.mjtCatBit.mjCAT_ALL.value,this.mjScene!); const geoms=this.mjScene!.geoms; try {for(let i=0;i<geoms.size();i++){const geom=geoms.get(i);if(!geom)continue;try{let mesh=this.meshes[i];const key=this.geometryKey(geom);if(!mesh||mesh.userData.geometryKey!==key){if(mesh){this.scene.remove(mesh);this.disposeMesh(mesh);} mesh=this.createMesh(geom,key);this.meshes[i]=mesh;this.scene.add(mesh);} mesh.visible=true;this.updateMesh(mesh,geom);}finally{geom.delete();}} for(let i=geoms.size();i<this.meshes.length;i++)this.meshes[i].visible=false;}finally{geoms.delete();}}
   private geometryKey(g:MjvGeom):string {const dataId=g.type===this.session!.module.mjtGeom.mjGEOM_MESH.value?meshIdFromSceneDataId(g.dataid):g.dataid;return `${g.type}:${dataId}:${Array.from(g.size).join(',')}`;}
@@ -77,6 +84,6 @@ export class MuJoCoViewer {
   private showArrow(origin:THREE.Vector3):void {this.arrow=new THREE.ArrowHelper(new THREE.Vector3(1,0,0),origin,0.01,0xf97316);this.scene.add(this.arrow);}
   private updateArrow(force:[number,number,number]):void {if(!this.arrow)return;const v=new THREE.Vector3(...force),length=v.length()/25;if(length>1e-6){this.arrow.setDirection(v.normalize());this.arrow.setLength(length,Math.min(.2,length*.2),Math.min(.1,length*.1));}}
   private disposeMesh(mesh:THREE.Mesh):void {(mesh.material as THREE.Material).dispose();}
-  private releaseModel():void {this.stopDrag();for(const mesh of this.meshes){this.scene.remove(mesh);this.disposeMesh(mesh);}this.meshes=[];for(const g of this.geometries.values())g.dispose();this.geometries.clear();for(const t of this.textures.values())t.dispose();this.textures.clear();this.mjScene?.delete();this.mjCamera?.delete();this.option?.delete();this.mjScene=null;this.mjCamera=null;this.option=null;this.session=null;this.selected=null;this.highlightedJointId=-1;this.highlightedBodyId=-1;if(this.jointMarker){this.scene.remove(this.jointMarker);this.jointMarker.geometry.dispose();(this.jointMarker.material as THREE.Material).dispose();this.jointMarker=null;}}
+  private releaseModel():void {this.stopDrag();for(const mesh of this.meshes){this.scene.remove(mesh);this.disposeMesh(mesh);}this.meshes=[];for(const g of this.geometries.values())g.dispose();this.geometries.clear();for(const t of this.textures.values())t.dispose();this.textures.clear();this.mjScene?.delete();this.mjCamera?.delete();this.option?.delete();this.mjScene=null;this.mjCamera=null;this.option=null;this.session=null;this.sensorCameraId=-1;this.selected=null;this.highlightedJointId=-1;this.highlightedBodyId=-1;if(this.jointMarker){this.scene.remove(this.jointMarker);this.jointMarker.geometry.dispose();(this.jointMarker.material as THREE.Material).dispose();this.jointMarker=null;}}
   dispose():void {cancelAnimationFrame(this.frame);this.releaseModel();this.resizeObserver.disconnect();this.renderer.domElement.removeEventListener('pointerdown',this.onPointerDown);this.renderer.domElement.removeEventListener('pointermove',this.onPointerMove);window.removeEventListener('pointerup',this.onPointerUp);this.controls.dispose();this.orientationGizmo.dispose();this.grid.geometry.dispose();const gridMaterials=Array.isArray(this.grid.material)?this.grid.material:[this.grid.material];for(const material of gridMaterials)material.dispose();this.renderer.dispose();this.renderer.domElement.remove();}
 }