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CNC machined part family reference optimization plan

This document is a first-pass implementation plan for improving text-to-cad generation quality using reference guidance only. It is not a validator or a factory design. The goal is to teach the CAD agent the recurring geometry, datum choices, parameter roles, feature roles, and common failure modes of common CNC machined part families before it writes build123d source.

Research sources used for this plan include public CNC design-for-machining guides from Protolabs and Xometry, flange references from Texas Flange and ASME-flange guides, bearing-housing descriptions from ASKUBAL, lead-screw and spline references from Roton, igus, Machinery's Handbook excerpts, and online manufacturing articles on gearbox housings, impellers, propellers, mold components, and fixture parts. These sources should be treated as guidance for recognition and modeling structure, not as a substitute for standards, drawings, tolerances, or certification.

Reference optimization principle

References should improve the first generated model without locking all output to one template. Each part-family reference should be written as:

  1. Recognition terms: English and Chinese names, aliases, and adjacent part names.
  2. Invariants: features that must exist for the part to be semantically correct.
  3. Variants: common forms the user may ask for.
  4. Default strategy: what to do when the user gives no variant.
  5. Parameter roles: dimensions that must become named parameters.
  6. Feature roles: modeling units the agent should plan explicitly.
  7. Construction sequence: safe build123d order.
  8. Common failures: mistakes the reference should actively prevent.
  9. Validation targets: geometry facts to inspect manually or with generic CAD tools.

Important: references are soft constraints. They should say "default to" and "unless the user specifies otherwise", not "always generate this exact shape".

Cross-family CNC modeling rules

Use these rules in every part-family reference:

  • Keep all functional dimensions as named parameters, not buried numbers.
  • Choose the origin from the dominant functional datum: shaft axis, bearing axis, plate center, mounting face, split face, or sealing face.
  • Build base geometry first, cut primary holes/bores second, add secondary holes/pockets/slots third, and apply fillets/chamfers last.
  • Prefer standard drilled/tapped/clearance hole sizes when the user does not give a custom size.
  • Avoid thin walls, deep narrow pockets, blind holes without depth, tiny features, and square internal corners unless explicitly requested.
  • For CNC-like models, use internal radii or relieved corners for milled pockets; use external chamfers for handling and deburring.
  • For multi-face parts, preserve datum relationships over visual symmetry.
  • Do not claim real machinability, tolerance compliance, sealing performance, fatigue strength, medical suitability, or aerospace suitability from reference guidance alone.

Suggested reference file layout

Do not create dozens of files immediately. Start with seven family references:

  • references/part-families/shaft.md
  • references/part-families/disc-sleeve.md
  • references/part-families/housing.md
  • references/part-families/plate.md
  • references/part-families/freeform-surface.md
  • references/part-families/mold-tooling.md
  • references/part-families/precision-fixture.md

Later, split high-value representatives such as flange, bearing housing, stepped shaft, mounting plate, and timing pulley into dedicated files only if the broad family references are not enough.

1. Shaft-like parts

Representative parts: drive shaft, spindle, stepped shaft, spline shaft, lead screw.

Family recognition terms:

  • English: shaft, drive shaft, spindle, stepped shaft, spline shaft, lead screw, threaded shaft, keyseat, journal, shoulder.
  • Chinese: 轴, 传动轴, 主轴, 阶梯轴, 花键轴, 丝杠, 轴肩, 轴颈, 键槽.

Shared structure:

  • Dominant rotational axis.
  • One or more cylindrical sections.
  • Functional journals, shoulders, grooves, threads, splines, keyseats, end holes, chamfers, and reliefs.
  • Datum relationships are mostly axial station, diameter, concentricity, and orientation of torque-transfer features.

Drive shaft

Suitability: suitable for references optimization.

Implementation plan:

  • Recognition: use when the request mentions drive shaft, transmission shaft, motor shaft, 传动轴, or shaft mounted gears/pulleys/couplings.
  • Invariants: long rotational body; at least one torque-transfer interface or mounted-component journal; end chamfers; clear axis convention.
  • Variants: plain shaft, shouldered shaft, keyed shaft, cross-drilled shaft, threaded-end shaft, shaft with retaining-ring grooves.
  • Default: if under-specified, generate a two- or three-step shaft along X with chamfered ends, one central journal, one keyseat on the largest diameter, and optional retaining grooves only if requested.
  • Parameter roles: total_length, axis, section_lengths, section_diameters, journal_diameter, shoulder_positions, keyseat_width, keyseat_depth, keyseat_length, end_chamfer, groove_width, groove_diameter.
  • Feature roles: rotational_stack, shoulders, journals, keyseat, end_chamfers, retaining_grooves, threaded_ends.
  • Construction sequence: revolve or union cylinders by axial stations; cut keyseat with an overshooting rectangular tool; cut grooves; cut end features; apply chamfers/fillets last.
  • Common failures to prevent: vertical shaft when user expects horizontal, non-coaxial sections, keyseat cutting fully through the shaft, arbitrary section lengths, unlabeled parameters.
  • Validation targets: total length, section diameters, coaxiality, keyseat location and non-through depth, chamfer existence, single connected solid.

Spindle

Suitability: suitable for reference guidance, but not for precision claims.

Implementation plan:

  • Recognition: use for spindle, machine spindle, 主轴, tool-holding shafts, bearing journals, taper noses, and precision rotating shafts.
  • Invariants: dominant axis, bearing journals, locating shoulders, tool/work interface at one end, high-importance datum surfaces.
  • Variants: simple spindle blank, stepped spindle, taper-nose spindle, threaded nose, through-bore spindle.
  • Default: create a stepped shaft with two bearing journals, shoulders, a nose interface, and optional through-bore if requested.
  • Parameter roles: bearing_journal_diameter, bearing_spacing, nose_diameter, nose_length, taper_angle, through_bore_diameter, shoulder_width, relief_groove_width, end_thread_length.
  • Feature roles: bearing_journals, datum_shoulders, tool_nose, through_bore, relief_grooves, end_threads.
  • Construction sequence: build coaxial stack; add nose taper by revolve; cut through-bore coaxially; add relief grooves; chamfer shoulders last.
  • Common failures to prevent: treating spindle as a decorative shaft, missing bearing journals, missing locating shoulders, claiming runout/tolerance.
  • Validation targets: coaxial sections, bearing journal count, nose location, through-bore coaxiality, axial spacing.

Stepped shaft

Suitability: highly suitable for references optimization.

Implementation plan:

  • Recognition: stepped shaft, multi-diameter shaft, 阶梯轴, 多段直径.
  • Invariants: multiple coaxial cylindrical sections with ordered axial lengths and diameters.
  • Variants: simple stepped shaft, stepped shaft with keyway, stepped shaft with end thread, stepped shaft with center holes.
  • Default: generate three coaxial sections along X, with larger middle section, shoulders, end chamfers, and no keyway unless requested.
  • Parameter roles: total_length, segment_lengths, segment_diameters, axis_direction, shoulder_radii, chamfer_size, optional_keyway.
  • Feature roles: coaxial_cylindrical_stack, shoulders, end_chamfers, keyseat, center_drill_holes.
  • Construction sequence: build cylinders by segment; fuse as one solid; cut optional features; chamfer/fillet shoulders and ends last.
  • Common failures to prevent: stacking along Z by default when prompt says shaft, wrong segment order, detached cylinders, missing shoulders.
  • Validation targets: axis direction, total length, each segment diameter and length, single solid.

Spline shaft

Suitability: suitable as a simplified reference model; exact spline standards require drawings or standards and should not be promised.

Implementation plan:

  • Recognition: spline shaft, involute spline, straight spline, 花键轴.
  • Invariants: shaft plus repeated axial teeth or grooves on a spline region, centered around the main axis.
  • Variants: straight-sided external spline, simplified involute-like spline, serrated spline, partial-length spline.
  • Default: use a simplified straight-sided external spline region with evenly spaced teeth unless the user specifies an involute standard.
  • Parameter roles: shaft_diameter, spline_outer_diameter, spline_root_diameter, spline_length, tooth_count, tooth_width_angle, pressure_angle_if_known, root_fillet_radius.
  • Feature roles: base_shaft, spline_region, repeated_teeth_or_grooves, transition_shoulders, chamfers.
  • Construction sequence: build base shaft; add/cut repeated teeth/grooves around axis using polar pattern; add transition reliefs; chamfer ends.
  • Common failures to prevent: treating spline as a single keyway, uneven tooth spacing, teeth not attached to shaft, excessive tooth count causing fragile topology.
  • Validation targets: tooth count, angular spacing, spline length, coaxiality, tooth attachment to shaft.

Lead screw

Suitability: suitable for simplified references; unsuitable for accurate ball screw internals or certified thread geometry without standards.

Implementation plan:

  • Recognition: lead screw, ACME screw, trapezoidal screw, 丝杠, 梯形丝杠.
  • Invariants: long shaft with helical or visually helical thread region; thread pitch/lead and major diameter are named.
  • Variants: trapezoidal thread, ACME thread, simple helical ridge, threaded region plus plain bearing journals.
  • Default: generate a shaft with plain end journals and a central simplified trapezoidal helical thread region.
  • Parameter roles: major_diameter, minor_diameter, pitch, lead, thread_length, starts, thread_angle, journal_diameter, end_length.
  • Feature roles: screw_core, helical_thread, end_journals, relief_grooves, chamfers.
  • Construction sequence: build core shaft; add swept helical ridge or simplified visual thread; add end journals and reliefs; chamfer ends.
  • Common failures to prevent: modeling fastening thread instead of power screw, omitting pitch/lead, thread over entire part when journals are requested.
  • Validation targets: thread region length, major/minor diameter envelope, pitch count if modeled discretely, coaxial end journals.

2. Disc and sleeve parts

Representative parts: flange, end cover, bearing housing, timing pulley, gear blank.

Family recognition terms:

  • English: flange, cover, end cap, bearing seat, bearing housing, pulley, timing pulley, gear blank, hub, bushing, sleeve.
  • Chinese: 法兰盘, 端盖, 轴承座, 带座轴承, 同步带轮, 齿轮毛坯, 轮毂, 轴套.

Shared structure:

  • Often axisymmetric or partly axisymmetric.
  • Central bore, hub, boss, bolt circle, counterbores, sealing face, shoulder, groove, flange rim, or belt/gear interface.

Flange

Suitability: highly suitable for references optimization.

Implementation plan:

  • Recognition: flange, flange plate, pipe flange, 法兰, 法兰盘.
  • Invariants: circular disk or hubbed disk; central bore; bolt-hole pattern; sealing or mating face.
  • Variants: flat face, raised face, ring groove, weld-neck-like hub, blind flange, adapter flange.
  • Default: circular flat or raised-face flange with central through-bore and evenly spaced bolt holes on a bolt circle.
  • Parameter roles: outside_diameter, thickness, bore_diameter, bolt_count, bolt_circle_diameter, bolt_hole_diameter, raised_face_diameter, raised_face_height, hub_diameter, hub_height, fillet_radius.
  • Feature roles: flange_disk, central_bore, bolt_circle_holes, sealing_face, raised_face_or_groove, hub, edge_fillets.
  • Construction sequence: cylinder disk; optional hub/raised face; cut central bore; cut patterned bolt holes; add gasket groove if requested; fillet last.
  • Common failures to prevent: missing central bore, bolt holes not on a circle, non-coaxial bore, extra random holes, fillets before cuts.
  • Validation targets: OD, thickness, bore diameter, bolt count, bolt circle, angular spacing, sealing face coaxiality.

End cover

Suitability: suitable for references optimization.

Implementation plan:

  • Recognition: end cover, bearing cover, cap, 端盖, 轴承端盖.
  • Invariants: cover plate/cap, locating lip or pilot diameter, bolt holes, sealing face, optional central opening or boss.
  • Variants: blind end cover, bearing retainer cover, flanged cap, cover with oil seal bore.
  • Default: shallow round cover with pilot lip, bolt circle, and optional central boss if the request mentions shaft/bearing.
  • Parameter roles: cover_outer_diameter, cover_thickness, pilot_diameter, pilot_depth, bolt_count, bolt_circle_diameter, bolt_hole_diameter, seal_bore_diameter, gasket_groove_width.
  • Feature roles: cover_plate, pilot_lip, bolt_circle_holes, seal_bore, gasket_land, outer_chamfer.
  • Construction sequence: disk/cap body; add lip or boss; cut central/seal bore; cut bolt holes; add gasket groove; chamfer/fillet last.
  • Common failures to prevent: no locating lip, bolt holes not symmetric, wrong cover side, thin unsupported rim.
  • Validation targets: pilot diameter/depth, bolt circle, center opening, thickness, sealing face.

Bearing housing

Suitability: suitable, but must preserve variants and avoid one fixed template.

Implementation plan:

  • Recognition: bearing housing, pillow block, bearing seat, bearing support, 轴承座, 带座轴承, 轴承支座.
  • Invariants: bearing seat or bearing bore; shaft clearance axis; mounting base or flange; material supporting the bearing; mounting holes.
  • Variants: pillow block, flanged bearing housing, plate-mounted bearing seat, split bearing housing, cartridge holder.
  • Default: if under-specified, generate a pillow-block style single solid: flat base, raised bearing boss, coaxial bearing/shaft bore, two mounting holes, and reinforcing ribs.
  • Parameter roles: bearing_outer_diameter, bearing_width, shaft_diameter, bearing_center_height, base_length, base_width, base_thickness, mount_hole_diameter, mount_hole_spacing, boss_outer_diameter, wall_thickness, rib_thickness.
  • Feature roles: base_block, bearing_boss, bearing_seat_bore, shaft_clearance_bore, mounting_holes, side_walls, reinforcing_ribs, split_cap_if_requested.
  • Construction sequence: create base; add bearing boss/support body; cut bearing bore and shaft clearance coaxially; add mounting holes; add ribs that intersect base and boss; fillet last.
  • Common failures to prevent: looking like a generic bracket, missing bearing bore, ribs floating or detached, mounting holes asymmetric, bearing center height undefined.
  • Validation targets: bore coaxiality, center height, mounting-hole symmetry, bore diameter/depth, connected solid, planar base.

Timing pulley

Suitability: suitable for visual/parametric references; exact tooth standard requires profile data.

Implementation plan:

  • Recognition: timing pulley, synchronous pulley, belt pulley, 同步带轮.
  • Invariants: toothed circumference matched to pitch/tooth count, central bore, hub or set-screw/keyway interface, optional flanges.
  • Variants: flangeless, single-flange, double-flange, hubbed, keyed bore, set-screw bore.
  • Default: simplified double-flanged timing pulley with central bore, hub, and repeated grooves/teeth based on tooth_count and pitch.
  • Parameter roles: tooth_count, belt_pitch, pulley_width, bore_diameter, hub_diameter, hub_length, flange_diameter, flange_thickness, tooth_depth, keyway_width, set_screw_hole_diameter.
  • Feature roles: toothed_rim, pitch_circle, flanges, bore, hub, keyway, set_screw_holes.
  • Construction sequence: build pulley blank and hub; add/cut repeated tooth grooves around rim; add flanges; cut bore/keyway/set screws; chamfer last.
  • Common failures to prevent: smooth pulley with no teeth, wrong tooth count, teeth not evenly spaced, missing bore, flanges confused with gear teeth.
  • Validation targets: tooth count, width, bore diameter, flange presence, hub coaxiality.

Gear blank

Suitability: suitable for references optimization. This is not final gear-tooth generation unless requested.

Implementation plan:

  • Recognition: gear blank, gear body, 齿轮毛坯.
  • Invariants: round blank with bore, faces, optional hub, keyway, bolt/dowel holes, weight-relief pockets.
  • Variants: plain gear blank, hubbed blank, webbed blank, blank with lightening holes, blank with keyway.
  • Default: axisymmetric disk with central bore, hub, chamfers, and optional keyway if torque transfer is mentioned.
  • Parameter roles: outside_diameter, face_width, bore_diameter, hub_diameter, hub_width, web_thickness, keyway_width, keyway_depth, lightening_hole_count.
  • Feature roles: gear_blank_body, central_bore, hub, keyway, lightening_holes, reference_faces.
  • Construction sequence: turn-like disk/hub by revolve; cut bore; cut keyway or pockets; chamfer reference faces.
  • Common failures to prevent: adding inaccurate gear teeth when user asked only for blank, non-coaxial bore, missing hub/keyway when specified.
  • Validation targets: OD, face width, bore, hub, keyway location, symmetry.

3. Housing and casing parts

Representative parts: gearbox housing, reducer housing, engine block/head, pump body.

Family recognition terms:

  • English: housing, casing, gearbox housing, reducer housing, pump body, engine block, cylinder head, valve body.
  • Chinese: 箱体, 壳体, 变速箱体, 减速器壳, 发动机缸体, 缸盖, 泵体, 阀体.

Shared structure:

  • Multiple machined datums and mating faces.
  • Bearing bores or shaft holes.
  • Cover/flange interfaces, bolt patterns, oil/coolant/flow passages, bosses, ribs, feet, pads, and wall thickness.

Gearbox housing

Suitability: suitable for simplified references optimization. Full industrial gearbox housings need drawings and are not guaranteed by references alone.

Implementation plan:

  • Recognition: gearbox housing, transmission housing, 变速箱体.
  • Invariants: cavity for gears, bearing bores or shaft openings, mounting faces, cover/split face, bolt patterns, oil/seal features.
  • Variants: one-piece housing, split housing, side cover housing, multi-shaft housing, motor flange housing.
  • Default: rectangular/rounded housing with internal cavity, two coaxial bearing bores, cover flange with bolt holes, mounting feet, and oil port.
  • Parameter roles: length, width, height, wall_thickness, shaft_center_distance, bearing_bore_diameter, bore_axis_positions, cover_flange_thickness, bolt_count, mounting_foot_dimensions, seal_groove_diameter.
  • Feature roles: main_cavity, bearing_bores, split_or_cover_face, mounting_feet, bolt_patterns, oil_ports, ribs, seal_grooves.
  • Construction sequence: create outer housing shell; hollow cavity; add bosses around bores; cut bearing bores; add cover flange and mounting feet; cut bolt holes and ports; add ribs/fillets last.
  • Common failures to prevent: simple box with no bores, misaligned bearing bores, no cover face, random holes, walls too thin.
  • Validation targets: bore count and axes, wall thickness envelope, flange face, bolt pattern, cavity existence, mounting feet.

Reducer housing

Suitability: suitable for references optimization, especially simplified worm, spur, or planetary reducer housings.

Implementation plan:

  • Recognition: reducer housing, gear reducer case, 减速器壳, 减速箱壳.
  • Invariants: input/output bearing support, shaft center distance, gear cavity, mounting base/flange, cover interface.
  • Variants: parallel-shaft reducer, right-angle/worm reducer, planetary reducer shell, split-case reducer.
  • Default: compact two-shaft reducer housing with gear cavity, two bearing-bore axes, cover flange, and mounting feet.
  • Parameter roles: input_bore_diameter, output_bore_diameter, shaft_spacing, housing_length, housing_width, housing_height, wall_thickness, cover_bolt_count, mounting_hole_spacing.
  • Feature roles: gear_cavity, input_bearing_bore, output_bearing_bore, cover_flange, mounting_base, oil_fill_drain_ports.
  • Construction sequence: outer shell; cavity; bearing bosses and bores; cover face; feet; bolt/port holes; ribs/fillets.
  • Common failures to prevent: no defined shaft axes, bores not parallel/coaxial according to variant, missing cover, no mounting method.
  • Validation targets: shaft spacing, bore diameter, cover bolt pattern, base plane, cavity and wall thickness.

Engine block / cylinder head

Suitability: not suitable for references-only optimization as a representative industrial part. The real geometry depends on combustion chamber design, cylinder layout, valve train, water jackets, oil galleries, head gasket pattern, casting constraints, and application-specific standards. A reference can help make an educational simplified block/head, but it should not be used as a general optimized CNC part family. No implementation plan.

Pump body

Suitability: suitable only for simplified pump-body references; not suitable for accurate hydraulic/flow performance without drawings or CFD geometry.

Implementation plan:

  • Recognition: pump body, pump housing, volute, 泵体, 泵壳.
  • Invariants: impeller chamber or flow cavity, inlet/outlet ports or flanges, seal/bearing datum, mounting feet/pads, bolt patterns.
  • Variants: centrifugal volute body, simple inline pump body, cover-mounted pump casing, bearing-frame pump body.
  • Default: simplified centrifugal pump body with circular impeller chamber, tangential discharge, axial inlet flange, cover bolt pattern, and mounting feet.
  • Parameter roles: chamber_diameter, chamber_depth, inlet_diameter, outlet_diameter, outlet_angle, flange_diameters, bolt_count, wall_thickness, seal_bore_diameter, mounting_hole_spacing.
  • Feature roles: impeller_chamber, inlet_port, outlet_port, flanges, seal_bore, cover_bolt_pattern, mounting_feet.
  • Construction sequence: create body envelope; cut chamber; add inlet/outlet bosses/flanges; cut passages as simplified cylinders/sweeps; add cover bolt pattern and feet; fillet last.
  • Common failures to prevent: ordinary box with holes, missing volute/chamber, inlet/outlet not connected, no mounting/sealing face.
  • Validation targets: chamber existence, inlet/outlet axes, flange bolt patterns, seal bore coaxiality, wall continuity.

4. Plate parts

Representative parts: mounting base plate, connecting plate, template, panel.

Family recognition terms:

  • English: plate, mounting plate, base plate, connecting plate, template, panel, tooling plate, fixture plate.
  • Chinese: 板, 安装底板, 连接板, 模板, 面板, 工装板, 夹具板.

Shared structure:

  • Mostly prismatic flat body.
  • Hole patterns, slots, pockets, counterbores, tapped holes, datum edges, chamfers.

Mounting base plate

Suitability: highly suitable for references optimization.

Implementation plan:

  • Recognition: mounting plate, base plate, 安装底板.
  • Invariants: flat rectangular or shaped plate, mounting holes, datum edges or centerline, thickness.
  • Variants: rectangular, rounded-corner, slotted, grid-hole, counterbored, tapped-hole plate.
  • Default: centered rectangular plate with four corner mounting holes and small edge chamfers if no hole count is specified.
  • Parameter roles: length, width, thickness, corner_radius, hole_diameter, hole_offset_x, hole_offset_y, slot_length, counterbore_diameter.
  • Feature roles: plate_body, mounting_holes, slots, counterbores, datum_edges, chamfers.
  • Construction sequence: base plate; cut holes/slots; counterbores; chamfer.
  • Common failures to prevent: holes too close to edges, non-through holes when through holes requested, arbitrary origin, missing thickness.
  • Validation targets: bounding box, hole count, hole positions, thickness, slot dimensions.

Connecting plate

Suitability: highly suitable for references optimization.

Implementation plan:

  • Recognition: connecting plate, adapter plate, 连接板, 转接板.
  • Invariants: plate connecting two patterns, usually two or more bolt patterns and datum relationship between them.
  • Variants: flat adapter, offset adapter, slotted adjustment plate, triangular or dogbone link plate.
  • Default: rectangular adapter plate with two named bolt patterns and datum centerlines.
  • Parameter roles: plate_length, plate_width, thickness, pattern_a_hole_count, pattern_a_spacing, pattern_b_hole_count, pattern_b_spacing, pattern_offset.
  • Feature roles: plate_body, pattern_a, pattern_b, adjustment_slots, datum_centerlines.
  • Construction sequence: plate outline; cut pattern A and B; add slots or pockets; chamfer last.
  • Common failures to prevent: merging two patterns into one, losing offset, holes not symmetric when expected.
  • Validation targets: both bolt patterns, relative offset, thickness, hole sizes.

Template

Suitability: suitable for references optimization when template geometry is explicit. Freeform template outlines need dimensions or a reference image.

Implementation plan:

  • Recognition: template, drill template, routing template, 模板.
  • Invariants: thin plate, reference outline, guide holes/slots, marking or alignment features.
  • Variants: drill jig template, router template, inspection template, gauge-like profile template.
  • Default: thin rectangular template with guide holes and alignment notches.
  • Parameter roles: outline_dimensions, thickness, guide_hole_diameter, guide_hole_positions, alignment_notch_size, label_text_if_requested.
  • Feature roles: template_outline, guide_holes, alignment_notches, slots, reference_edges.
  • Construction sequence: outline; cut guide features; add notches; chamfer.
  • Common failures to prevent: too thick, missing guide features, no datum edge.
  • Validation targets: outline size, guide-hole count and position, flatness.

Panel

Suitability: suitable for references optimization.

Implementation plan:

  • Recognition: panel, front panel, control panel, 面板.
  • Invariants: flat plate face, cutouts, mounting holes, optional display/button holes, edge treatment.
  • Variants: rectangular front panel, instrument panel, connector panel, vented panel, cover panel.
  • Default: rectangular panel with corner mounting holes and one central cutout only if function is specified.
  • Parameter roles: panel_length, panel_width, panel_thickness, cutout_size, cutout_position, mounting_hole_diameter, hole_offsets, corner_radius.
  • Feature roles: panel_body, mounting_holes, connector_cutouts, display_window, ventilation_slots, edge_chamfers.
  • Construction sequence: panel body; cut main openings; cut small holes/slots; chamfer/deburr edges.
  • Common failures to prevent: missing user-specified cutouts, rounded card-like visual instead of machinable panel, holes not parameterized.
  • Validation targets: panel size, cutout size/position, hole count, thickness.

5. Freeform and curved-surface parts

Representative parts: impeller, turbine blade, propeller, cam.

Family recognition terms:

  • English: impeller, turbine blade, propeller, cam, airfoil, blade, helical, swept, twisted.
  • Chinese: 叶轮, 涡轮叶片, 螺旋桨, 凸轮, 叶片, 扭转, 曲面.

Impeller

Suitability: suitable for simplified references optimization. Exact hydraulic or aero performance requires blade curves or a drawing.

Implementation plan:

  • Recognition: impeller, centrifugal impeller, compressor wheel, 叶轮.
  • Invariants: central hub, bore, backplate or shroud depending on variant, repeated blades, rotational symmetry.
  • Variants: open impeller, semi-open impeller, closed impeller, splitter blades, backward-curved blades.
  • Default: open centrifugal impeller with backplate, hub, bore, and evenly spaced backward-curved blades.
  • Parameter roles: outer_diameter, hub_diameter, bore_diameter, blade_count, blade_height, blade_thickness, blade_sweep_angle, blade_start_radius, blade_end_radius, backplate_thickness.
  • Feature roles: backplate, hub, bore, main_blades, splitter_blades, blade_to_hub_transitions.
  • Construction sequence: build backplate/hub; create one blade from a swept or lofted profile; polar pattern blades; fuse carefully; add bore; fillet roots.
  • Common failures to prevent: flat fan disk with rectangles, blades not attached, wrong blade count, no hub/bore, random blade directions.
  • Validation targets: blade count, even angular spacing, outer diameter, hub and bore coaxiality, blade attachment.

Turbine blade

Suitability: not suitable for references-only optimization as a general representative part. Real turbine blades require airfoil sections, twist, platform/root geometry, material/process constraints, cooling holes, and strict surface quality. A reference can produce a toy blade, but it will not improve industrial turbine-blade generation reliably. No implementation plan.

Propeller

Suitability: not suitable for references-only optimization as a general representative part. A propeller needs diameter, pitch or pitch distribution, airfoil sections, blade twist, chord distribution, hub geometry, and application context. Without those, references only produce a plausible visual propeller. No implementation plan.

Cam

Suitability: suitable when the cam is treated as a 2D profile with thickness; not suitable for dynamic design validation without motion law data.

Implementation plan:

  • Recognition: cam, disk cam, 凸轮, cam profile, lift curve.
  • Invariants: rotating body with non-circular profile that drives follower lift; bore/keyway or mounting hole; thickness.
  • Variants: eccentric cam, plate cam, radial disk cam, groove cam simplified as face groove.
  • Default: plate cam with base circle, one rise-dwell-return lobe, central bore, and keyway if torque transfer is requested.
  • Parameter roles: base_circle_radius, lift, rise_angle, dwell_angle, return_angle, follower_radius, thickness, bore_diameter, keyway_width.
  • Feature roles: cam_profile, base_circle, lobe, bore, keyway, optional_groove.
  • Construction sequence: generate 2D polar profile from simple motion law or simplified lobe curve; extrude; cut bore/keyway; chamfer edges.
  • Common failures to prevent: simple circle with bump lacking lift parameters, lobe not smooth, no bore, profile self-intersection.
  • Validation targets: base radius, max radius/base + lift, thickness, bore, smooth closed outline.

6. Mold parts

Representative parts: injection mold core/cavity insert, die-casting core, stamping die insert.

Family recognition terms:

  • English: mold insert, core insert, cavity insert, die insert, punch insert, stamping insert, ejector pin holes, cooling channels, parting face.
  • Chinese: 模仁, 模芯, 型腔镶件, 压铸模芯, 冲压模具镶件, 顶针孔, 冷却水路, 分型面.

Injection mold core/cavity insert

Suitability: not suitable for references-only optimization as a representative part unless the molded-product geometry is supplied. The core/cavity surface is the negative/positive of a product and depends on shrinkage, draft, ejection, cooling, gates, and parting-line decisions. References can guide auxiliary features, but not the main form. No implementation plan.

Die-casting core

Suitability: not suitable for references-only optimization as a representative part without the cast product, parting strategy, slides/cores, draft, gating, thermal management, and alloy process constraints. No implementation plan.

Stamping die insert

Suitability: limited but suitable for simple inserts, punches, die buttons, and profile blocks when the cutting/forming profile is specified.

Implementation plan:

  • Recognition: stamping die insert, punch insert, die button, 冲压模具镶件.
  • Invariants: tool-steel block or round insert, working profile/cut edge, locating features, fastener holes, relief/clearance.
  • Variants: rectangular profile insert, round die button, punch insert, stripper-related insert.
  • Default: rectangular insert block with specified working profile pocket or protrusion, dowel holes, screw holes, and relief chamfers.
  • Parameter roles: block_length, block_width, block_height, working_profile, clearance_offset, screw_hole_positions, dowel_hole_positions, relief_depth.
  • Feature roles: insert_body, working_edge_or_profile, screw_holes, dowel_holes, relief_pocket, datum_faces.
  • Construction sequence: block; cut/raise working profile; add relief; cut locating and screw holes; chamfer non-working edges.
  • Common failures to prevent: ignoring locating holes, decorative profile with no datum, working edge not separated from relief, claiming cutting clearance.
  • Validation targets: body size, profile presence, screw/dowel hole positions, relief side, datum faces.

7. Precision parts

Representative parts: gauge, fixture locating part, optical base, medical device part.

Family recognition terms:

  • English: gauge, fixture, locating block, optical base, precision base, datum, dowel pin, V-block, inspection fixture.
  • Chinese: 量规, 夹具定位件, 光学基座, 精密基座, 基准面, 定位销孔, V形块.

Shared boundary:

  • References can improve geometric structure and datum clarity.
  • References must not claim tolerance, calibration, metrology certification, medical compliance, or optical performance.

Gauge

Suitability: suitable for simple gauge geometry; not for certified metrology.

Implementation plan:

  • Recognition: gauge, go/no-go gauge, inspection gauge, 量规.
  • Invariants: controlled reference geometry, handle/body, measuring feature, datum or label.
  • Variants: plug gauge, ring gauge, gap gauge, profile gauge, step gauge.
  • Default: if unspecified, create a simple step/gap gauge with labeled measuring openings and a handle tab.
  • Parameter roles: nominal_size, go_size, no_go_size, gauge_thickness, handle_length, measuring_slot_width, relief_radius.
  • Feature roles: gauge_body, measuring_feature, handle, datum_face, relief_notches.
  • Construction sequence: flat gauge body; cut measuring openings; add handle and reliefs; chamfer safe edges.
  • Common failures to prevent: decorative ruler-like part, no actual measuring feature, claiming calibration.
  • Validation targets: measuring slot/ring/plug size, thickness, handle, datum.

Fixture locating part

Suitability: highly suitable for references optimization.

Implementation plan:

  • Recognition: fixture locator, locating block, datum block, 夹具定位件, 定位块.
  • Invariants: datum faces, locating pins/holes, mounting holes, clamping/contact surfaces, repeatable positioning logic.
  • Variants: locating block, V-block, stop block, pin locator, rest pad.
  • Default: rectangular locating block with datum face, two dowel holes, mounting holes, and a step or V-groove if locating round stock is mentioned.
  • Parameter roles: block_length, block_width, block_height, datum_face_offset, dowel_pin_diameter, dowel_spacing, mounting_hole_diameter, v_groove_angle, step_height.
  • Feature roles: locator_body, datum_faces, dowel_holes, mounting_holes, contact_surface, v_groove_or_step.
  • Construction sequence: body; machine datum/contact features; cut dowel and mounting holes; add chamfers.
  • Common failures to prevent: no datum, holes not tied to datum, cosmetic block, over-constrained pin layout.
  • Validation targets: datum face existence, dowel-hole count/spacing, mounting holes, contact surface geometry.

Optical base

Suitability: suitable for structural reference guidance, not optical alignment claims.

Implementation plan:

  • Recognition: optical base, optical mounting base, 光学基座.
  • Invariants: flat base, grid or pattern of threaded/clearance holes, raised pads or rails, datum edges, stable support.
  • Variants: optical breadboard-like base, lens mount base, rail adapter, prism mount base.
  • Default: flat rectangular base with regular hole grid, two datum edges, and optional raised pads.
  • Parameter roles: base_length, base_width, base_thickness, hole_grid_pitch, hole_diameter, pad_height, pad_positions, slot_dimensions.
  • Feature roles: precision_base, hole_grid, datum_edges, raised_mounting_pads, slots, chamfers.
  • Construction sequence: base; add/cut hole grid; add pads/slots; chamfer.
  • Common failures to prevent: random decorative holes, no datum edges, claiming optical flatness or alignment.
  • Validation targets: grid pitch, hole count, base thickness, pad positions.

Medical device part

Suitability: not suitable as a single references-only representative. "Medical device part" is too broad and often safety/regulatory-critical. References can be written for a specific geometry such as a simple surgical fixture, clamp, or implant trial, but not for the category as a whole. No implementation plan.

Rollout plan for reference-only optimization

  1. Add a short trigger section to skills/cad/SKILL.md that tells the agent to load a part-family reference after the CAD brief and before planning geometry.
  2. Create the seven broad family reference files listed above.
  3. Keep each family reference under roughly 150-220 lines so the agent can load it without drowning out the user request.
  4. Start with the highest-return families:
    • plate.md
    • disc-sleeve.md
    • shaft.md
    • housing.md
  5. Add freeform-surface.md, mold-tooling.md, and precision-fixture.md with stronger caveats because these families contain unsuitable subtypes.
  6. Run A/B manual checks on representative prompts before adding validators or factories.

Recommended first references

The first version should prioritize the representatives with the best reference-only payoff:

  • Stepped shaft
  • Drive shaft
  • Flange
  • End cover
  • Bearing housing
  • Mounting base plate
  • Connecting plate
  • Fixture locating part
  • Simple impeller
  • Cam

Do not start reference-only rollout with:

  • Engine block/cylinder head
  • Turbine blade
  • Propeller
  • Injection mold core/cavity insert
  • Die-casting core
  • Generic medical device part

These require product geometry, curves, standards, regulatory constraints, or domain calculations that references alone cannot supply reliably.

Source bibliography

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